Home Builder Developer - Interior Renovation and Design

Duxtop 1800W Portable Induction Cooktop Countertop Burner, Gold 8100MC Price, Features and Real Customers Reviews.

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Top Features of Duxtop 1800W Portable Induction Cooktop Countertop Burner, Gold 8100MC Are:

Duxtop Induction Cooktop uses 120V 15 amp electrical outlet standard in all North American homes; lightweight and compact for easy handling and storage.Digital control panel. Built-in count-down digital timer with 1 minute increments up to 170 minutes; 10 temperature range from 140 F to 460 F; 10 power levels from 200 to 1800 Watts.With no open flame or heating element, food does not burn-on the glass cooktop so this induction burner is easy to cleanjust wipe with a damp towel. Durable 7-blade fan rapidly dissipates heat to ensure a longer product life.The auto-pan detection will shut the unit automatically after 60 seconds if no cookware is detected; equipped with diagnostic error message system, low and high voltage warning system; ETL approved.Note: In order to use this and any other induction stove, you need to use cookware with a magnetic bottom, whose diameter is at least 5 inches. 2-year manufacturers warranty, as well as customer service.

Verified Customers Reviews of Duxtop 1800W Portable Induction Cooktop Countertop Burner, Gold 8100MC:

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Duxtop 1800W Portable Induction Cooktop Countertop Burner, Gold 8100MC - The Report

A new research study has been presented by Dataintelo.com offering a comprehensive analysis on the Global Countertop Burners Market where user can benefit from the complete market research report with all the required useful information about this market. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report. The report discusses all major market aspects with expert opinion on current market status along with historic data. This market report is a detailed study on the growth, investment opportunities, market statistics, growing competition analysis, major key players, industry facts, important figures, sales, prices, revenues, gross margins, market shares, business strategies, top regions, demand, and developments.

The Countertop Burners Market report provides a detailed analysis of the global market size, regional and country-level market size, segment growth, market share, competitive landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunity analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, and technological innovations.

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Major Players Covered in this Report are: BrentwoodBroil KingCadcoCamp ChefCOSTWAYDuxtopEvergreenFagorGSWiSiLERMax BurtonMegachefNescoNutrichefNuWaveNWKOster

Global Countertop Burners Market SegmentationThis market has been divided into Types, Applications, and Regions. The growth of each segment provides an accurate calculation and forecast of sales by Types and Applications, in terms of volume and value for the period between 2020 and 2026. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets. Market share data is available on the global and regional level. Regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, the Middle East & Africa, and Latin America. Research analysts understand the competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

By Types:GasElectricInduction

By Applications:Up to 899 W900 to 1099 W1100 to 1399 WAbove 1400 W

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Global Countertop Burners Market Regions and Countries Level AnalysisRegional analysis is a highly comprehensive part of this report. This segmentation sheds light on the sales of the Countertop Burners on regional- and country-level. This data provides a detailed and accurate country-wise volume analysis and region-wise market size analysis of the global market.

The report offers an in-depth assessment of the growth and other aspects of the market in key countries including the US, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, the UK, Russia, Italy, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia. The competitive landscape chapter of the global market report provides key information about market players such as company overview, total revenue (financials), market potential, global presence, Countertop Burners sales and revenue generated, market share, prices, production sites and facilities, products offered, and strategies adopted. This study provides Countertop Burners sales, revenue, and market share for each player covered in this report for a period between 2016 and 2020.

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Why Choose Us:

Table of Contents1. Executive Summary2. Assumptions and Acronyms Used3. Research Methodology4. Market Overview5. Global Market Analysis and Forecast, by Types6. Global Market Analysis and Forecast, by Applications7. Global Market Analysis and Forecast, by Regions8. North America Market Analysis and Forecast9. Latin America Market Analysis and Forecast10. Europe Market Analysis and Forecast11. Asia Pacific Market Analysis and Forecast12. Middle East & Africa Market Analysis and Forecast13. Competition Landscape

About DataIntelo:DATAINTELO has set its benchmark in the market research industry by providing syndicated and customized research report to the clients. The database of the company is updated on a daily basis to prompt the clients with the latest trends and in-depth analysis of the industry. Our pool of database contains various industry verticals that include: IT & Telecom, Food Beverage, Automotive, Healthcare, Chemicals and Energy, Consumer foods, Food and beverages, and many more. Each and every report goes through the proper research methodology, validated from the professionals and analysts to ensure the eminent quality reports.

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How Countertop Burners Market Will Dominate In Coming Years? Report Covering Products, Financial Information, Developments, Swot Analysis And...

By Tammie Shanahan Correspondent

FridayJun12,2020at12:02AM

This beautiful 2-year-old, three-bedroom, two-bath home in the gorgeous, family friendly River Oaks community is like having a brand-new home, without having to wait for it to be built. In addition to tons of storage space, it features an open- and split-floor plan, tile in the main living areas, a huge master suite and a lovely back patio overlooking the fenced backyard. The open and inviting kitchen is adorned with granite countertops and stainless-steel appliances. Theres a playground right in the community, so theres no need to travel to find a place to entertain the kids.

ADDRESS: 242 River Vale Lane, Ormond Beach

TOTAL LIVING SQUARE FEET: 1,821

LOT SIZE: 70 feet by 116 feet

BEDROOMS: 3

BATHROOMS: 2

STORIES: 1

YEAR BUILT: 2017

PRICE: $289,900

CONTACT: Kelly Ferguson, Geri Westfall Real Estate, 386-235-0572

Original post:
Beautiful Ormond home in family friendly River Oaks is only 2 years old - Daytona Beach News-Journal

If you ask anyone what their idea of a commercial building is, youre likely to get a different answer every time.

Restaurants, offices, aquatic centres, petrol stations and even universities can all be considered commercial. Yet each of these building types has a unique architectural style and with that comes different cladding needs.

For some buildings, external materials are chosen to make a bold statement, while others are more concerned with whats practical for the climate and conditions of the site. And of course, fire safety is of the utmost importance for all new and existing Australian structures.

Considering how wide-ranging commercial structures can be, there are endless cladding and external wall materials to choose from. In saying this however, there are a number of high-quality, versatile materials that can serve the purposes of any commercial building.

The rise of timber in commercial builds

The last few years have seen a significant increase in the use of timber cladding for Australian commercial structures.

Timber cladding certainly has a long history in Australian residential structures, if we recall the weatherboard cladding of the nations Federation and Queenslander houses. But the use of timber for commercial structures is more of a recent trend, particularly with the advent of engineered timber and the growing awareness of timber as a material that promotes physical and mental wellbeing among employees.

There are some negative perceptions timber has had to overcome such as its vulnerability to termites, moisture and fire. While these are still valid concerns, Australian timber products have come a long way from what they were in the 19th century, with cross laminated timber (CLT) for example offering superior strength, fire protection and energy efficiency when compared to traditional timber materials. There are also a number of resins and powder coats that when applied improve timbers ability to stand up to harsh Australian weather conditions, not to mention the growing use of techniques such as Shou Sugi Ban, a Japanese method of charring wood to make it fire and weatherproof.

Timber is sometimes associated with Japanese design, bringing images of tranquil, minimalist and natural structures to mind. However, it is a material that lends itself to many cultures.

Te Ara a Twhaki is a stunning example of timber being used to reflect elements of Mori culture.

Situated in Otaki, New Zealand, Te Ara a Twhaki is a new building as part of Te Wnanga o Raukawa (a unique learning laboratory specifically for Mori). The building houses a library, main lecture theatre, student services and student hub.

Designed by Tennent Brown, the facade has a unique criss-cross pattern that is reminiscent of traditional Mori flax weaving patterns. This project required a timber that would be stable enough to cope with this application, while weathering gracefully. Maintenance was also a key consideration given the elevated nature of the structure on a commercial building.

The product used was Abodos Vulcan Screening, which was chosen for its stability and weathering characteristics. According to Abodo, Vulcan is sustainably sourced thermally modified timber a chemical-free, heat-based treatment which dramatically increases the durability and stability of the wood.

For additional protection, the timber is coated with Sioo:x, a patented silicon technology that cures by reacting with atmospheric carbon dioxide and moisture to form an insoluble and flexible silica network within the timber surface. The formation of this silica network toughens the surface of thetimber and forms an effective barrier against insect attack and rot. The application of Sioo:x also leaves the timber with an aesthetically pleasing natural silver-grey finish.

Another stunning application of this product can be seen in South Australias Fleurieu Aquatic Centre, a sustainable indoor aquatic centre designed by lead architect Hames Sharley. The buildings facade is clad in Vulcan in a WB10 profile, which has been used to create a vertical shiplap look.

In this case, Vulcan was chosen for its aesthetic as well as its invisible fixings and sustainability; Vulcan is FSC certified natural wood sourced from sustainable plantations in New Zealand.

Keeping buildings cool with aluminium

While modern timber products have certainly proven themselves more than capable of facing up to the Australian environment, there are some applications where aluminium or timber-look aluminium might be preferred.

One good example is the BP and David Jones Bayside Store in Melbourne.

Designed by Modus Projects, the store is a new petrol station concept that aims to deliver high quality and innovative food options to consumers. The project used Decos 50x50 Quick Click DecoBattens to create an entrance that is both welcoming but also reminiscent of a high-end convenience store.

In particular, the Smoked Ash DecoWood finished battens are featured above the stores entrance, creating a soft, elegant and warm presence.

While they have the appearance of timber, the battens are actually made from 100 percent aluminium. The benefit of the batten series is its easy installation. Available in widths of 50mm and 25mm, the battens have a base and cover system where the batten base is fixed onto the surface and the batten cover is simply clicked onto the base.

According to Deco, the battens are a premium timber alternative, providing durability and flexibility not achieved by traditional timber or composite batten products. With their powder coat finish, the battens are also resilient to harsh UV rays and marine environments, while offering a low maintenance solution that never needs painting or staining.

Another aluminium product suitable for commercial exteriors is Mondoclad from HVG Facades.

Mondoclad was used to reclad two buildings at Federation Universitys Berwick Campus in Victoria. As these buildings had a contrasting design to the rest of the site, it was essential that the recladding work met the architects strict brief to maintain the original cube aesthetic.

Mondoclad was chosen not only for its style, but also its strong fire safety ratings.

This product was also used in Brisbane office and residential development 183 North Quay, where the building had its existing aluminium composite cladding removed from the ground-level columns and feature portal, then replaced with Mondoclad panels in a natural brushed finish.

According to HVG Facades, Mondoclad is an ideal non-combustible cladding alternative for builds focused on exceeding fire compliance laws, as well as for the recladding of existing projects that may have once used a combustible cladding project.

Made from marine grade aluminium, this product is highly durable, with its PVDF architectural paint finish ensuring UV stability and colour retention. It is also a sustainable option that is 100 percent recyclable.

Revisiting a traditional choice: Brick

Not to be forgotten is brick, a traditional choice that has been coming back into favour in recent years.

Kaz Tower is a striking example of a modern-yet-traditional commercial and residential building.

Designed by Tony Owen Partners, Kaz Tower is a 14-storey tower surrounded by heritage buildings in urban Sydney.

There were challenges from the start, with strict heritage requirements from the City of Sydney. One of those requirements was to build a brick podium for the first three floors of the building, considering the Kaz Tower would adjoin several historic brick buildings.

With the architect simultaneously wanting a glass faade that would maximise sunlight through each street-front window (a challenge in Sydneys commercial centre), the design of Kaz Tower required the use of an innovative parametric design technique.

At different times of the day the sun hits different parts of the building, says Tony Owen, director of Tony Owen Partners.

So [using parametric design], we angled the windows in each part of the building according to where the light was coming from at a certain time of the day. And we ended up with a building that had patterned glazing where every window was at a different angle, because the different height would get sun at different times, and at the different times, the sun would have a different angle.

The addition of a three-storey brick podium and side brick facade to the angled red, yellow and white glass facade made for a highly unique design. While traditional face bricks were selected to construct the podium, a brick inlay facade was the system of choice for the side walls.

Choosing a brick product was not easy, as it was crucial to ensure visual continuity across the podium and facade. In the end, the architects chose the Iron Mountains bricks and brick tiles from Robertson Facade Systems.

We just couldnt find a brick tile in an appropriate colour, says Marianna Mioduszewski, director of Tony Owen Partners.

We had many samples that did not satisfy anyone. Then Robertsons Building Products came up with a solid brick and brick tile, which was extremely attractive for us. So, when we found the same face, it was like, thats it. And colour-wise, it was comparable to the desired look because it was dark a grey/brown and not a uniform colour on the face, which was very attractive as well.

The next challenge was figuring out how to combine the angled facade with the bricks.

We thought putting the side faade together would be very difficult, but Hanson Precast suggested Robertson Facade Systems Brick Inlay, says Mioduszewski.

We went to the factory to see how individual panels are formed and shaped and gained a lot of confidence that these panels would be well done. So, we were very confident from day one, and they have proven that its definitely the way to go.

According to Robertson Facade Systems, Brick Inlay is a solution that involves placing thin brick, porcelain or stone tiles into precast concrete panels,to create the look and feel of a traditional brick facade or wall with the efficiencies and benefits of precast concrete. The panels are then delivered on site, ready for construction.

The benefit of this product that it speeds construction time which can in turn significantly reduce construction costs. The product also allows you to customise any pattern and texture you need for your facade,efficiently and cost-effectively.

Suppliers

Robertson Facade Systems

Britton Timbers

HVG Facades

Deco

Image:Kaz Tower / Tony Owen Partners

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The ever-changing faces of Australian commercial design - Architecture and Design

Architectural Lighting Market report provides in-depth statistics and analysis available on the market status of the Architectural Lighting Manufacturers and is a valuable method of obtaining guidance and direction for companies and business enterprise insider considering the Architectural Lighting market. It contains the analysis of drivers, challenges, and restraints impacting the industry.

Architectural Lighting Market report also provide a thorough understanding of the cutting-edge competitive analysis of the emerging market trends along with the drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities in the Architectural Lighting Market to offer worthwhile insights and current scenario for making right decision. The report covers the prominent players in the market with detailed SWOT analysis, financial overview, and key developments of the products/services from the past three years. Moreover, the report also offers a 360 outlook of the market through the competitive landscape of the global industry player and helps the companies to garner Architectural Lighting Market revenue by understanding the strategic growth approaches.

Major Key Players of the Architectural Lighting Market are:OsramCree LightingPhilips LightingSamsung LEDSeoul SemiconductorGE LightingGrivenCLS LEDOMSOrlight

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Major Types of Architectural Lighting covered are:Traditional LightingLED Lighting

Major Applications of Architectural Lighting covered are:ResidentialCommercialIndustrial

The Research Provides Answers To The Following Key Questions:

-How are the manufacturers operating in the Architectural Lighting Market plan to adjust their production according to the status of demand during the forecast period, 2020 to 2025?-How are prominent leaders planning to secure economies in the distribution of their products?-What are the defects in the existing products and what corrective measures should the product owners take to improve the product?-How can companies explore new uses for their existing and new products or services, and thereby increasing the demands in the Architectural Lighting Market?-What will be the market share over the estimated period?-What are the general conditions prevailing in the Architectural Lighting Market?

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Table of Content

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In the end, Architectural Lighting industry report specifics the major regions, market scenarios with the product price, volume, supply, revenue, production, market growth rate, demand, forecast and so on. This report also presents SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.

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Architectural Lighting Market Technological Innovations and Future Opportunities 2025 - Cole of Duty

LOS ANGELES, United States:

Quality Market Research on Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market with Decision Making Insights, Industry Assessment, Trends, Competitive Landscape, Investment & Business Strategies and Forecast by 2026.

The global Architectural Glass Coatings market has been garnering remarkable momentum in the recent years. The steadily escalating demand due to improving purchasing power is projected to bode well for the global market. QY Researchs latest publication, titled global Architectural Glass Coatings market, offers an insightful take on the drivers and restraints present in the market. It assesses the historical data pertaining to the global Architectural Glass Coatings market and compares it to the current market trends to give the readers a detailed analysis of the trajectory of the market.

Get the Sample of this Report with Detail TOC and List of [emailprotected]https://www.qyresearch.com/sample-form/form/1813684/global-architectural-glass-coatings-industry

The research report covers the trends that are currently implemented by the major manufacturers in the Architectural Glass Coatings market including adoption of new technology, government investments on R&D, shifting in perspective towards sustainability, and others. Additionally, the researchers have also provided the figures necessary to understand the manufacturer and its contribution to both regional and global market:

Key Players:

Ferro, Arkema, Fenzi, AGC, BASF, KISHO, Vitro, Schott, ICA, Johnson Matthey, HONY, DECO GLAS, FEW Chemicals, ICD, Premium Coatings, UVCHEM

Due to the pandemic, we have included a special section on the Impact of COVID 19 on the Architectural Glass Coatings Market which would mention How the Covid-19 is Affecting the Architectural Glass Coatings Industry, Market Trends and Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape, Covid-19 Impact on Key Regions and Proposal for Architectural Glass Coatings Players to Combat Covid-19 Impact.

The research report is broken down into chapters, which are introduced by the executive summary. Its the introductory part of the chapter, which includes details about global market figures, both historical and estimates. The executive summary also provides a brief about the segments and the reasons for the progress or decline during the forecast period. The insightful research report on the global Architectural Glass Coatings market includes Porters five forces analysis and SWOT analysis to understand the factors impacting consumer and supplier behavior.

Market Segments Covered:

Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Segmentation by Product:Energy Saving Thermal Insulation CoatingsFunctional Coatings

Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Segmentation by Application:Residential BuildingCommercial Building

Regions Covered in the Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market:

The Middle East and Africa (GCC Countries and Egypt) North America (the United States, Mexico, and Canada) South America (Brazil etc.) Europe (Turkey, Germany, Russia UK, Italy, France, etc.) Asia-Pacific (Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and Australia)

The report answers important questions that companies may have when operating in the global Architectural Glass Coatings market. Some of the questions are given below:

What will be the size of the global Architectural Glass Coatings market in 2025? What is the current CAGR of the global Architectural Glass Coatings market? Which product is expected to show the highest market growth? Which application is projected to gain a lions share of the global Architectural Glass Coatings market? Which region is foretold to create the most number of opportunities in the global Architectural Glass Coatings market? Will there be any changes in market competition during the forecast period? Which are the top players currently operating in the global Architectural Glass Coatings market? How will the market situation change in the coming years? What are the common business tactics adopted by players? What is the growth outlook of the global Architectural Glass Coatings market?

The scope of the Report:

The report segments the global Architectural Glass Coatings market on the basis of application, type, service, technology, and region. Each chapter under this segmentation allows readers to grasp the nitty-gritties of the market. A magnified look at the segment-based analysis is aimed at giving the readers a closer look at the opportunities and threats in the market. It also address political scenarios that are expected to impact the market in both small and big ways.The report on the global Architectural Glass Coatings market examines changing regulatory scenario to make accurate projections about potential investments. It also evaluates the risk for new entrants and the intensity of the competitive rivalry.

Ask for Customized Report as per Your [emailprotected]https://www.qyresearch.com/customize-request/form/1813684/global-architectural-glass-coatings-industry

Strategic Points Covered in TOC:

1 Report Overview1.1 Research Scope1.2 Top Architectural Glass Coatings Manufacturers Covered: Ranking by Revenue1.3 Market Segment by Type1.3.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Size by Type: 2015 VS 2020 VS 2026 (US$ Million)1.3.2 Energy Saving Thermal Insulation Coatings1.3.3 Functional Coatings1.4 Market Segment by Application1.4.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Consumption by Application: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20261.4.2 Residential Building1.4.3 Commercial Building1.5 Study Objectives1.6 Years Considered

2 Global Market Perspective2.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue (2015-2026)2.1.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue (2015-2026)2.1.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales (2015-2026)2.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Size across Key Geographies Worldwide: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales by Regions (2015-2020)2.2.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)2.3 Global Top Architectural Glass Coatings Regions (Countries) Ranking by Market Size2.4 Architectural Glass Coatings Industry Trends2.4.1 Architectural Glass Coatings Market Trends2.4.2 Architectural Glass Coatings Market Drivers2.4.3 Architectural Glass Coatings Market Challenges2.4.4 Architectural Glass Coatings Market Restraints2.4.5 Primary Interviews with Key Architectural Glass Coatings Players: Views for Future

3 Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers3.1 Global Top Architectural Glass Coatings Manufacturers by Sales (2015-2020)3.1.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.1.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.1.3 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Architectural Glass Coatings Sales in 20193.2 Global Top Manufacturers Architectural Glass Coatings by Revenue3.2.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.2.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)3.2.3 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)3.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Architectural Glass Coatings as of 2019)3.4 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Average Selling Price (ASP) by Manufacturers3.5 Key Manufacturers Architectural Glass Coatings Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served3.6 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Architectural Glass Coatings Market3.7 Key Manufacturers Architectural Glass Coatings Product Offered3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4 Market Size by Type4.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Historic Market Review by Type (2015-2020)4.1.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)4.1.3 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)4.1.4 Architectural Glass Coatings Price by Type (2015-2020)4.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Estimates and Forecasts by Type (2021-2026)4.2.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast by Type (2021-2026)4.2.3 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)4.2.4 Architectural Glass Coatings Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)

5 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Size by Application5.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Historic Market Review by Application (2015-2020)5.1.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)5.1.3 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Market Share by Application (2015-2020)5.1.4 Architectural Glass Coatings Price by Application (2015-2020)5.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Market Estimates and Forecasts by Application (2021-2026)5.2.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast by Application (2021-2026)5.2.3 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast by Application (2021-2026)5.2.4 Architectural Glass Coatings Price Forecast by Application (2021-2026)

6 North America6.1 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Company6.2 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Type6.3 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Application6.4 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Countries6.4.1 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Sales by Countries6.4.2 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue by Countries6.4.3 U.S.6.4.4 Canada

7 Europe7.1 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Company7.2 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Type7.3 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Application7.4 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Countries7.4.1 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Sales by Countries7.4.2 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue by Countries7.4.3 Germany7.4.4 France7.4.5 U.K.7.4.6 Italy7.4.7 Russia

8 Asia Pacific8.1 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Company8.2 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Type8.3 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Application8.4 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Regions8.4.1 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Sales by Regions8.4.2 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue by Regions8.4.3 China8.4.4 Japan8.4.5 South Korea8.4.6 India8.4.7 Australia8.4.8 Taiwan8.4.9 Indonesia8.4.10 Thailand8.4.11 Malaysia8.4.12 Philippines8.4.13 Vietnam

9 Latin America9.1 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Company9.2 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Type9.3 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Application9.4 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Countries9.4.1 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Sales by Countries9.4.2 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue by Countries9.4.3 Mexico9.4.4 Brazil9.4.5 Argentina

10 Middle East and Africa10.1 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Type10.2 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Application10.3 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Breakdown Data by Countries10.3.1 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Sales by Countries10.3.2 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue by Countries10.3.3 Turkey10.3.4 Saudi Arabia10.3.5 U.A.E

11 Company Profiles11.1 Ferro11.1.1 Ferro Corporation Information11.1.2 Ferro Business Overview11.1.3 Ferro Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.1.4 Ferro Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.1.5 Ferro SWOT Analysis11.1.6 Ferro Recent Developments11.2 Arkema11.2.1 Arkema Corporation Information11.2.2 Arkema Business Overview11.2.3 Arkema Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.2.4 Arkema Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.2.5 Arkema SWOT Analysis11.2.6 Arkema Recent Developments11.3 Fenzi11.3.1 Fenzi Corporation Information11.3.2 Fenzi Business Overview11.3.3 Fenzi Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.3.4 Fenzi Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.3.5 Fenzi SWOT Analysis11.3.6 Fenzi Recent Developments11.4 AGC11.4.1 AGC Corporation Information11.4.2 AGC Business Overview11.4.3 AGC Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.4.4 AGC Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.4.5 AGC SWOT Analysis11.4.6 AGC Recent Developments11.5 BASF11.5.1 BASF Corporation Information11.5.2 BASF Business Overview11.5.3 BASF Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.5.4 BASF Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.5.5 BASF SWOT Analysis11.5.6 BASF Recent Developments11.6 KISHO11.6.1 KISHO Corporation Information11.6.2 KISHO Business Overview11.6.3 KISHO Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.6.4 KISHO Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.6.5 KISHO SWOT Analysis11.6.6 KISHO Recent Developments11.7 Vitro11.7.1 Vitro Corporation Information11.7.2 Vitro Business Overview11.7.3 Vitro Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.7.4 Vitro Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.7.5 Vitro SWOT Analysis11.7.6 Vitro Recent Developments11.8 Schott11.8.1 Schott Corporation Information11.8.2 Schott Business Overview11.8.3 Schott Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.8.4 Schott Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.8.5 Schott SWOT Analysis11.8.6 Schott Recent Developments11.9 ICA11.9.1 ICA Corporation Information11.9.2 ICA Business Overview11.9.3 ICA Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.9.4 ICA Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.9.5 ICA SWOT Analysis11.9.6 ICA Recent Developments11.10 Johnson Matthey11.10.1 Johnson Matthey Corporation Information11.10.2 Johnson Matthey Business Overview11.10.3 Johnson Matthey Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.10.4 Johnson Matthey Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.10.5 Johnson Matthey SWOT Analysis11.10.6 Johnson Matthey Recent Developments11.11 HONY11.11.1 HONY Corporation Information11.11.2 HONY Business Overview11.11.3 HONY Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.11.4 HONY Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.11.5 HONY SWOT Analysis11.11.6 HONY Recent Developments11.12 DECO GLAS11.12.1 DECO GLAS Corporation Information11.12.2 DECO GLAS Business Overview11.12.3 DECO GLAS Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.12.4 DECO GLAS Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.12.5 DECO GLAS SWOT Analysis11.12.6 DECO GLAS Recent Developments11.13 FEW Chemicals11.13.1 FEW Chemicals Corporation Information11.13.2 FEW Chemicals Business Overview11.13.3 FEW Chemicals Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.13.4 FEW Chemicals Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.13.5 FEW Chemicals SWOT Analysis11.13.6 FEW Chemicals Recent Developments11.14 ICD11.14.1 ICD Corporation Information11.14.2 ICD Business Overview11.14.3 ICD Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.14.4 ICD Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.14.5 ICD SWOT Analysis11.14.6 ICD Recent Developments11.15 Premium Coatings11.15.1 Premium Coatings Corporation Information11.15.2 Premium Coatings Business Overview11.15.3 Premium Coatings Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.15.4 Premium Coatings Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.15.5 Premium Coatings SWOT Analysis11.15.6 Premium Coatings Recent Developments11.16 UVCHEM11.16.1 UVCHEM Corporation Information11.16.2 UVCHEM Business Overview11.16.3 UVCHEM Architectural Glass Coatings Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price (ASP) and Gross Margin (2015-2020)11.16.4 UVCHEM Architectural Glass Coatings Products and Services11.16.5 UVCHEM SWOT Analysis11.16.6 UVCHEM Recent Developments

12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis12.1 Architectural Glass Coatings Value Chain Analysis12.2 Sales Channels Analysis12.2.1 Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Channels12.2.2 Architectural Glass Coatings Distributors12.3 Architectural Glass Coatings Customers

13 Estimates and Projections by Regions (2021-2026)13.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast (2021-2026)13.1.1 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)13.1.2 Global Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)13.2 North America Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)13.2.1 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast (2021-2026)13.2.2 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)13.2.3 North America Architectural Glass Coatings Size Forecast by County (2021-2026)13.3 Europe Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)13.3.1 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast (2021-2026)13.3.2 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)13.3.3 Europe Architectural Glass Coatings Size Forecast by County (2021-2026)13.4 Asia Pacific Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)13.4.1 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast (2021-2026)13.4.2 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)13.4.3 Asia Pacific Architectural Glass Coatings Size Forecast by Region (2021-2026)13.5 Latin America Market Size Forecast (2021-2026)13.5.1 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast (2021-2026)13.5.2 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)13.5.3 Latin America Architectural Glass Coatings Size Forecast by County (2021-2026)13.6 Middle East and Africa Market Forecast13.6.1 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Sales Forecast (2021-2026)13.6.2 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)13.6.3 Middle East and Africa Architectural Glass Coatings Size Forecast by County (2021-2026)

14 Research Findings and Conclusion

15 Appendix15.1 Research Methodology15.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach15.1.2 Data Source15.2 Author Details15.3 Disclaimer

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Architectural Glass Coatings Market 2020 Primary Research, Secondary Research, Product Research, Trends and Forecast 2026 | Ferro, Arkema, Fenzi -...

GREAT FALLS One of the busiest intersections in Great Falls will be temporarily closed for a while next week.

The City of Great Falls says that it will close northbound and southbound traffic at the intersection of 10th Avenue South and 9th Street for several hours on Tuesday, June 16th.

The closure is needed for the replacement of a damaged signal cabinet.

Detours will be provided for northbound and southbound traffic along 9th Street, and eastbound and westbound traffic on 10th Avenue South will remain open with signal lights dark.

Northbound turns from 10th Avenue to 9th Street will be prohibited.

The closure will be in place by 6 a.m. on Tuesday, and scheduled to reopen by 4 p.m. - but the time and duration of the closure may be altered due to weather or technical difficulties.

Read more here:
Busy intersection in Great Falls will be partially closed on Tuesday - KRTV Great Falls News

Gov. Andy Beshear today announced the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) regional driver licensing office in Morehead will reopen for limited services starting Wednesday, June 10.

It is part of Gov. Beshears Healthy at Work initiative to safely reopen essential Executive Branch offices and services that were closed to limit the spread of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).

We are gradually and carefully reopening our commonwealth and resuming some high-demand, in-person public services, said Gov. Beshear. Those services include issuing, renewing and replacing operators licenses and official identification cards. Our fellow Kentuckians depend on those credentials for employment, travel and emergencies.

Services at the Morehead Regional Drivers License Office are limited at this time to residents who meet one of the following qualifying criteria:

Replacement of a lost license, permit or identification card;

License or ID card needed for employment;

New resident replacing a valid out-of-state credential;

New applicant who has successfully completed Kentucky State Police driver testing; and

Renewal of a credential that expired before March 18, 2020, when license and permit expiration dates were automatically extended for 90 days by emergency order

The same services are offered at the KYTC REAL-ID Regional Driver Licensing Office in Frankfort, 200 Mero Street.

We look forward to resuming in-person customer service in our Morehead office, KYTC Secretary Jim Gray said. But it is essential that we resume that service in a way that protects the health and safety of our customers and our employees. Were implementing new practices that encourage social distancing and our experience will guide the phased opening of other regional drivers license offices around the commonwealth.

The Regional Drivers License Office, 126 Bradley Ave., in Morehead will be open Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. EDT.

Qualifying applicants may make appointments online at realidky.com to request either a standard or REAL ID credential. A limited number of workstations will be available to serve walk-ins. To avoid gatherings in common waiting areas after checking in, applicants may be individually notified when to return to the issuance office to be served.

To maintain the safest possible environment, employees of the office will adhere to Gov. Beshears Healthy at Work standards, which include wearing a mask, and customers will be asked to do the same. Social distancing will be observed. Surfaces will be cleaned and touch pad equipment sanitized after each use.

(provided by Commonwealth of Kentucky Transportation Cabinet)

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Morehead Regional Driver Licensing Office re-opens with limited service June 10 - WMKY

COLUMBUS, Ohio--Dr. Amy Acton, Ohios state health director who has become a household name around the state during the coronavirus crisis, has resigned effective immediately, Gov. Mike DeWine announced Thursday.

Acton will remain as the governors chief adviser on health issues, DeWine said. Lance Himes, the Ohio Department of Healths general counsel who briefly served as state health director twice under ex-Gov. John Kasich, will become interim director, the governor said.

Asked why shes leaving now, Acton said the decision to resign is something Ive been struggling over the last couple of months.

She said her routine during the past couple months, which involved getting up at 4 a.m. to read and catch up while going to bed late, wasnt a sustainable thing.

Acton said with the state reopening, Ohio is entering a new phase of learning to resume life with the coronavirus.

I think there is a sort of natural shift that is occurring here that makes it sort of a good time so I can refocus," she said.

The governor said he tried in vain to convince Acton to stay as director, and he praised her wise advice and counsel and extraordinary bedside manner since he appointed her last year.

Acton has drawn wide admiration in Ohio, as well as around the nation, for her appearances during DeWines daily coronavirus briefings, providing easy-to-understand analysis and information about the virus in a calm, soothing voice, and passionately pleading with Ohioans to stay at home and take other precautions. Bobbleheads and cartoons have been made featuring her.

An April poll found almost 64 percent of Ohios registered voters had a favorable opinion of Acton, and almost 84 percent said they trusted the coronavirus information she was providing.

But as the DeWine administration has moved in the past six weeks to lift the states stay-at-home and business-closure orders, Acton and the Ohio Department of Health have become increasingly sidelined. Starting last month, the governor turned to a number of working groups," composed of business people and experts, to determine how various sectors of Ohios economy will reopen.

Acton has also become a lightning rod of criticism from opponents of the DeWine administrations coronavirus orders, who claimed she overestimated the deadliness of the coronavirus and overreached her authority in ordering closures.

Republican lawmakers tried to strip her of her power, and protesters demonstrated outside her home in suburban Columbus.

Asked how she felt about the criticism, Acton said any human being would be affected by the backlash, especially as she has never run for public office.

But, she said, for anyone doing this job, youd be surprised how much a lot of that isnt your focus.

She added: For me, my focus -- the need to protect Ohioans and save lives was so intense, especially during those first days (of the crisis), she said. I can honestly say, like -- it had to be a single point of meditation on the task at hand, and that remains that.

Acton was named health director in April 2019, becoming the final member of DeWines cabinet to be appointed. Before joining the DeWine administration, she most recently served as a community research and grants administrator at the nonprofit Columbus Foundation.

A Youngstown native, Acton has described how she grew up abused, neglected, and occasionally homeless. She attended Youngstown State University, and she paid her own way to earn a medical degree from what is now Northeast Ohio Medical University, followed by a masters degree in public health from Ohio State University.

Read more Ohio coronavirus coverage:

Meet Lance Himes, Dr. Amy Actons replacement as Ohios health director

Ohio AG Dave Yost argues diner owners who reopened early shouldnt face criminal charges

Bill to change how state health officials collect, report coronavirus information passes Ohio House

At least 2,457 Ohioans have died with coronavirus: Wednesday update

How much did coronavirus closings sink sales tax collections for Ohio, the counties and transit agencies?

Originally posted here:
Dr. Amy Acton resigns as Ohio Department of Health director - cleveland.com

The Cabinet: George Washington and the Creation of an American Institution

Harvard University Press

The thesis of Lindsay Chervinskys excellent new book is that the U.S. Constitution of 1787 established the national government of the United States in general terms, but it did not descend to particulars. Article II, which lays out the powers and responsibilities of the executive, left so many things vague that the first presidents had in many ways to invent the American presidency. None played a more important role than the hero of the American Revolution, George Washington. To which we must say, thank goodness.

Washington did not particularly want to be the president of the United States. After the war of independence ended, he resigned his commission on Dec. 23, 1783, with a characteristic show of republican modesty. He had saved the country. All he wanted now was to retire to his beloved estate at Mount Vernon, like the Roman hero Cincinnatus in the pages of Plutarchs Lives, and spend the rest of his life in the quiet enjoyment of agricultural pursuits. As early as 1776, Washington wrote to his brother John, Nothing in this world would contribute so much to mine as to be once more fixed among you in the peaceable enjoyment of my own vine and fig-tree.

Washington had to be cajoled even guilted into attending the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787, and then to accept the unanimous summons of the people to serve as the first president of the United States. He wound up fulfilling two terms, mostly because his closest associates, including Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, assured him that he must stay at his post long enough to secure the post-revolution settlement. By the time he left public life once and for all for Mount Vernon in March 1797, the great man was spent. He had only two years and nine months to sit under his fig tree and bask in his fame before his death on Dec. 14, 1799. Even Great Britains King George III had conditionally called Washington the greatest man in the world.

Washington assumed the presidency on April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City. He was 57 years old. Because the Constitution was silent on so many questions and he had no prior American tradition on which to model himself, President Washington had to invent a large number of presidential protocols, including the cabinet. As always, he was acutely aware that he was playing a role in the theater of the world. To his friend Catharine Macaulay Graham, he wrote, I walk on untrodden ground. There is scarcely any action, whose motives may not be subject to a double interpretation. There is scarcely any part of my conduct which may not hereafter be drawn into precedent.

The whole world was watching. Washington knew that history was watching, too, and the future of the American republic depended on his getting it right. He understood that if his presidency for any reason failed, the fragile American republic might not survive. As he traveled to New York City to take the oath of office, Washington wrote an astonishing letter to his friend Henry Knox: My movements to the chair of Government will be accompanied with feelings not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his execution.

Washington was determined to bring dignity, formality, a somewhat severe deportment and perhaps even a touch of what we would call majesty (a term he would have disclaimed) to the office. He did not want to behave like a king. Americans had had enough of that and Washington was genuinely committed to the creation of a sustainable American republic. But he did not want to be so informal that the American people would fail to show sufficient respect to the office, to the one individual who represented the entire country, not merely a state or a congressional district. Washington wanted the American people to look up to their president as a person of unimpeachable decorum a man of substance who measured his words before releasing them from his pen or mouth, a person of exquisite civility, perhaps a slightly aloof civility, a man who embodied the best qualities of the American experiment, a person who carefully avoided anything that was low, vulgar, indecorous, or demagogic. He sought to be the president of all of the American people, not merely those whose political views he preferred. Washington put up with Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state for two and a half years, even though Jefferson was somewhat disloyal and already, with his closest friend James Madison, laying the groundwork for an opposition party.

Washington had to make a dizzying number of decisions about presidential deportment and protocol with the whole world watching (and judging) his every move. How should a president travel? Should the president ever stay in a private citizens home? Should he shake hands with mere citizens? Should he wear a ceremonial sword? Should he have a formidable title? Who makes the first visit, the president or the other gentleman or woman? (If youve ever read a Jane Austen novel, you know that this was a big issue in the 18th century.) Should the president address Congress in person or through intermediaries? Should he hold public receptions, which any decently attired American could attend? What exactly did the Constitution mean by indicating that the president should seek the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate on some issues? Should the president tour the country? How does the president balance his ceremonial functions and his political ambitions? What is the role of the presidents wife (not yet known as the First Lady)? How much should the president cooperate with congressional requests and investigations; when should the president invoke executive privilege? Under what circumstances should a president veto congressional legislation? Can he do so over policy disagreements, or must he believe the legislation to be unconstitutional? Should the president write a veto message? Should the Supreme Court be consulted informally on constitutional questions? How strictly should the separation of powers doctrine be interpreted? If the country goes to war, should the president serve as commander in chief in the field?

Lindsay Chervinksy, author of The Cabinet.

One of the great strengths of Chervinskys book is her interest in the social behavior of the first couple. George and Martha Washington had to establish the protocols of how the presidential couple made themselves available to the government insiders and average citizens of the republic. The Washingtons erred on the side of a somewhat frigid formality. At his weekly levees (on Tuesday afternoons), Washington bowed slightly, but did not shake hands with his guests. Martha Washington hosted slightly less intimidating gatherings for women (and some men) on Friday evenings. When the democrat Jefferson assumed the presidency in 1801, he swept aside the pomposities, walked to his first inaugural, met guests in his house slippers, corresponded freely with a wide range of citizens, rich and poor, powerful and plain, and let his pet mockingbird Dick wander freely through the White House. His presidential protocol, he famously said, was pell-mell.

The Constitution Washington had helped to create and now embodied did not establish a formal cabinet. It authorizes but does not compel the president to require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices." The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, or how many, or what their responsibilities should be. The First Congress of the United States (1789-91), which settled some of these questions, is regarded by some historians as an extension or at least application of the Constitutional Convention.

One reason the Constitution is silent about a presidential cabinet, Chervinsky argues, is because the Founding Fathers still had a bad taste in their mouths about the British cabinets that had preyed upon the liberties of the American people during the colonial era. Perhaps partly for that reason, Chervinskys painstaking research reveals that Washington was slow to establish a cabinet and that once he had put it together, he soon ceased to find it a useful or congenial way to sort out administration policy. The first cabinet meeting was held on Nov. 26, 1791, fully two-and-a-half years into his first term. The four-man cabinet met only three times in 1791, and six times in 1792, but then 51 times in 1793, a crisis year in America. Thereafter, the president convened the cabinet significantly less often. By reducing the role of his cabinet in his last years as president, Washington ensured, says Chervinsky, that the cabinet developed very little institutional power.

Today there are 15 cabinet members, each one requiring Senate confirmation. In the first few administrations, there were only four: The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, and the Attorney General. For Washington, these positions were filled by Jefferson of Virginia (state), Alexander Hamilton of New York (treasury), Henry Knox of Massachusetts (war), and Edmund Randolph of Virginia (AG).

Chervinsky opens the book with one of the most important pivot points in the history of the presidency. On Aug. 22, 1789, just four months into his first term, Washington appeared before the U.S. Senate to seek advice about Indian relations. He believed that such consultation was the intention of the Constitution makers, that on certain questions the president would seek advice from the Senate before acting or making a decision. Washington had sent the relevant paperwork ahead, including a specific list of questions he wished to discuss with the 22 senators. Sen. William Maclay of Pennsylvania, who was something of a contrarian, stood up to suggest that the matter be referred to the appropriate Senate committee for careful deliberation, after which the president would be invited to come back for a final discussion. At this, President Washington, who had a volcanic temper which he usually managed to keep under tight control, blew up and shouted, This defeats every purpose of my coming here! Says Chervinsky, As he returned to his carriage, Washington muttered under his breath that he would never return for advice. He kept his wordAugust 22, 1789, was the first and last time he visited the Senate to request guidance on foreign affairs.

If Maclay and the Senate had spent the afternoon sorting these things out with the president, American administrative history might have played out in a very different way. In this case, a negative precedent was set. Later presidents have occasionally visited Capitol Hill to meet with congressmen and senators, but Washingtons frustrating experience largely foreclosed that option and helped to cement the separation of powers doctrine at the heart of the American Constitutional system.

One of the best moments in the book is Chervinskys account of a cabinet meeting on April 19, 1793, as the administration attempted to find a peaceful path for the infant U.S. as the wars of the French Revolution began to disrupt the Atlantic world. The five men, Washington plus his four secretaries, met in the presidents private study on the second floor of his residence in Philadelphia, where the national government was headquartered during the 1790s. The room was modest, just 15 by 21 feet, and was dominated by the presidents 5-foot-long desk, a wood burning stove, a dressing table, a large globe, and bookshelves, plus a table and chairs brought into the room for the meeting.

Five of Americas most important men were in that small room. This quintet included Washington, the Father of His Country, a 6-foot-2-inch man who was already a living legend; the physically imposing Henry Knox (who weighed at least 250 pounds); Edmund Randolph, the proud but indecisive scion of one of Virginias most distinguished families; and two giants of the early national period, Americas Renaissance Man Thomas Jefferson, also 6 feet, 2 inches, but less bulky and formidable than the president, and the idefatigable policy wonk Alexander Hamilton, who like him or not was perhaps Americas greatest secretary of the treasury. Thats a lot of ego for one small room. Jefferson later admitted that he and Hamilton were daily pitted in the cabinet like two cocks. Washington did not say much at these meetings, but Hamilton, according to Jefferson, tended to hold forth with all of his overweening confidence for interminably long periods of time. Chervinsky concludes, When Washington and the four secretaries gathered in the room, it would have been rather cozy at best, claustrophobic at worst.

Chervinsky also carefully examines the first cabinet scandal in American history. In August 1795, Secretary of State Edmund Randolph, Jeffersons replacement, was accused of taking bribes from the French government in exchange for trying to influence the administrations foreign policy. We now know that while Randolph was the weakest of Washingtons cabinet ministers, and undoubtedly guilty of bad judgment, he almost certainly did not take bribes or betray his country. Randolph resigned immediately, under a cloud, then promptly wrote a long defense of his honor and his conduct. Chervinsky provides an excellent analysis of Washingtons invocation of executive privilege, the first instance in American history, when Congress requested that he turn over documents relating to the highly controversial Jay Treaty of 1795. And the first presidential veto, April 5, 1792, of an apportionment bill.

Washingtons immediate successors accepted the idea of the cabinet though each of them handled them differently. John Adams made the terrible, perhaps fatal, mistake of retaining Washingtons cabinet when the venerable old man retired. This meant that he was never able to surround himself with men of his own stamp. It meant, too, that these holdover cabinet members never felt genuine loyalty to him. In fact, several of them took their marching orders from Alexander Hamilton, who had retired from Washingtons cabinet in early 1795, but who took joy in playing shadow president from New York, where he had undertaken a lucrative law practice.

Hamilton despised Adams for not being decisive and warlike enough, but particularly for not governing in a Hamiltonian fashion. Adams returned the contempt. It was he who called the illegitimately born Hamilton the bastard brat of a Scotch Pedler. Adams greatest act as president sending a second peace delegation to France in 1800 after the first one was mistreated, thus ratcheting down the likelihood of war was undertaken without any consultation with his disloyal cabinet. They were livid, of course, but Adams later decided it was his greatest achievement as the second president of the United States.

Jefferson was too shrewd to hamstring his administration with holdovers, particularly since he regarded his election in 1800 as the second American revolution. The suave and conflict-averse Jefferson assembled what still ranks as perhaps the most harmonious cabinet in American history. His principal coadjutor was one of the most talented men in American history, Secretary of State James Madison, soon enough to be the fourth president of the United States. The harmony was so cordial among us all, Jefferson wrote, that we never failed, by a contribution of mutual views, of the subject, to form an opinion acceptable to the whole.

This well-researched, thoughtful, and fascinating book points to the strength and the weakness of the U.S. Constitution. Because it lays out the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of the national government in only general terms, it gives each president considerable freedom to define the office to suit his purposes and his management style. So long as the office is occupied by an individual who understands the gravity, dignity, and fragility of a republic, America is in good hands. Between 1789 and 1797, George Washington formulated the standards against which all subsequent presidents must be measured.

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George Washington and the Creation of an American Institution - Governing