Economic and ecological benefits of annual forages – Grainews

Q: What can I do with my unseeded acres now the weather is more favourable?

A: Flooding and drought at seeding time are common situations that may lead to acres being unseeded to previously planned high-value crops. While crop insurance can provide varying levels of compensation for acres unseeded to long-season cash crops, sometimes opportunities exist to take advantage of later improvement of weather. A common practice in the Prairies is to plant these fields later with cover crops such as annual forages. This provides multiple economic and ecological benefits.

Economic benefits of cover crops include input cost reduction and additional revenue. For example, forage legumes can reduce nitrogen fertilizer expenses for the next crop, potentially increasing net profit over the course of your crop rotation. Furthermore, forages can reduce the need for herbicides by suppressing weeds through their rapid growth.

Additional cash flow can be realized when forages are harvested as greenfeed and silage. On the ecological side, forages can enhance soil health, as living roots provide food and shelter for soil microbes. Forages can also minimize soil erosion and nutrient loss when grasses are included due to the buildup of organic matter via above-ground biomass and fibrous root systems as well as nutrient recycling.

Selecting annual forages as cover crops requires careful considerations and chief among them are the primary goals of your production, species selection and location of your operation. The primary goal of cover cropping annual forages could be as simple as growing feed for grazing and/or silage. Suitable species can be chosen from legumes, grasses and broadleaf plants.

Legumes, in addition to building soil nitrogen levels, increase organic matter, improve soil tilth and serve as hosts to mycorrhizal fungi. Grasses, in addition to minimizing erosion and nutrient loss, can be used for silage/greenfeed and to extend the grazing season either with swath grazing or late-regrowth grazing.

Grass blends may include annual/Italian ryegrass underseeded with oats, barley or triticale. Broadleaf plants, especially the Brassica species, can help to break soil hardpans with their large roots, as well as reduce soil compaction and upcycle nutrients to near the soil surface.

A blend of these species, which includes legumes and Brassica species, may be seeded. A cereal may be used as a nurse crop to provide additional feed.

Optimal seeding rates for annual forage blends will vary depending on the blend used and should be discussed with your local crop advisor.

Sola Ajiboye, PhD, MBA, AIT, is a manager of agronomic solutions for Nutrien Ag Solutions for southern Alberta (North).

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Economic and ecological benefits of annual forages - Grainews