Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in things like window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives. A very clear and durable quartz glass can be made from pure silica; the other compounds above are used to improve the temperature workability[clarification needed] of the product.

Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass.

In science, the term glass is often defined in a broader sense, encompassing every solid that possesses a non-crystalline (i.e. amorphous) atomic-scale structure and that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state. Thus, porcelains and many polymer thermoplastics familiar from everyday use are physically glasses also. These sorts of glasses can be made of quite different kinds of materials: metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids, and polymers. For many applications (bottles, eyewear) polymer glasses (acrylic glass, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate) are a lighter alternative to traditional silica glasses.

Silica (the chemical compound SiO2) is a common fundamental constituent of glass. In nature, vitrification of quartz occurs when lightning strikes sand, forming hollow, branching rootlike structures called fulgurite.

Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure silica. However, its high melting-temperature (1723C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with.[1] Normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, "soda"), which lowers the glass transition temperature. The soda makes the glass water soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide [CaO], generally obtained from limestone), some magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are added to provide for a better chemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass.[2] Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.

Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths.[3]

The following is a list of the more common types of silicate glasses, and their ingredients, properties, and applications:

Another common glass ingredient is crushed alkali glass or "cullet" ready for recycled glass. The recycled glass saves on raw materials and energy. Impurities in the cullet can lead to product and equipment failure. Fining agents such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, or antimony oxide may be added to reduce the number of air bubbles in the glass mixture.[2]Glass batch calculation is the method by which the correct raw material mixture is determined to achieve the desired glass composition.

Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light.[7] The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in diffuse reflection. Glass does not contain the internal subdivisions associated with grain boundaries in polycrystals and hence does not scatter light in the same manner as a polycrystalline material. The surface of a glass is often smooth since during glass formation the molecules of the supercooled liquid are not forced to dispose in rigid crystal geometries and can follow surface tension, which imposes a microscopically smooth surface. These properties, which give glass its clearness, can be retained even if glass is partially light-absorbingi.e., colored.[8]

Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. These high-index glasses (inaccurately known as "crystal" when used in glass vessels) causes more chromatic dispersion of light, and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.

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Glass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Home > Uncategorized > Solved: Missing Base Filtering Engine in Windows 7 December 12th, 2011 admin

UPDATE 21 Jan 2012: If you are missing just BFE, the information below should be helpful. However, if you are missing BFE, Windows Firewall, Security Center and a couple of other services after a virus infection, you are going to need a more comprehensive security services fix. The second post by Farstrider (that starts you can also try this:) works great. After getting the Norton 5013,3 error on yet another customer computer, I found this solution fixed the Norton problem without requiring me to reinstall the OS. HOWEVER, even still the Security Center service was still not starting, fixing that required me to download and run the Security Center registry entry from here (reboot afterward). Good Luck.

It looks like there is a virus now that can take out the Base Filtering Engine Service in Windows 7, and I suppose then in Vista and XP as well. I noticed this problem on a computer that I removed a virus from. Everything looked fine until I went to install Norton Antivirus and it barfed with an error message about Error 5013,3. The instructions to fix the problem included restarting the Base Filtering Engine Service but oops, it wasnt even there. As it turns out, the fix for this is easier than you might think.

The fix I used was to recreate the BFE service entry in the registry, which had been deleted. The registry entry that needs to be recreated is:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetservicesBFE

According to this Microsoft Technet article, you can just export the key from a working machine of the same OS and import it (just double click on the exported and moved .reg file) into the problem machine. I can tell you this absolutely worked like a charm for me.

WordPress wont let me attach a copy of my Windows 7 x64 BFE entry, but if you need one, this link should work, otherwise leave a comment and Ill try and mail it to you..

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Lexington Computer Repair BlogSolved: Missing Base ...

Warning! #1 Should you do a repair install and is it the best choice? A Repair Install is not foolproof and should not be considered the cure-all fix for non-boot situations.

The below procedure applies only if you can still boot into Windows.

To prevent loss of data and/or program settings, perform the following before the Repair Install.

Manually delete the Undo_guimode.txt file from the WindowsSystem32 folder before you perform any of the actions that are listed in the "Symptoms" section of this article. To do this in Windows XP, type the following command at a command prompt: del /a /f %windir%system32undo_guimode.txt

KB Q312369

Windows XP Crashed? Here's Help A salvage mission into the depths of Windows XP, explained by a non-geek by Charlie White

Also as a precaution the windowssystem32WPA.DBL and WPA.BAK should be copied to a floppy before doing a repair install. For more information see Alex Nichol's article on XP activation.

More articles to help prevent data loss.

Chris Quirke

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How to Perform a Windows XP Repair Install

July 3, 2015

A free local file search tool which supports both NTFS and FAT drive. It's a fast alternative to Windows Search and Search Everything.

Otter Browser aims to recreate the best aspects of the classic Opera (12.x) UI using Qt5.

VisualCron is an automation, integration and task scheduling tool which provides a more flexible replacement for the Windows Task Scheduler.

Monitors the folder or disk drive that you choose and lists every filename that is being modified, created, or deleted while the folder is being monitored.

Monitor and filter Internet activity in your network with NxFilter while protecting your users from malware and botnet.

The universal and very power software for watching digital TV and listening to radio channels.

Why wait for your PC to reboot? Quickly reset in 10 seconds instead!

AlomWare Undo allows you to quickly restore recently closed applications, documents or folders with the click of a hotkey.

Wise Memory Optimizer helps you free up and tune up the physical memory taken up by some useless applications to enhance PC performance.

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MajorGeeks.Com - MajorGeeks

If you bought your computer with Windows 7 or Vista pre-installed, you most likely dont have a regular Windows repair disc. What you do have is some crappy disc from the manufacturer that totally wipes your computer back to factory settings. What if you just want to run Startup repair off the install cd without losing all your settings?

Windows 7 Users: Click Here to Learn How to Create a System Repair Disc for Free

It turns out that Microsoft is going to let you create your own Windows 7 or Vista repair disc when Service Pack 1 comes out in a month or so. If you cant wait that long, the nice people over at Neosmart have created their own Windows 7 or Vista Repair Disc available for download. Update: it looks like the discs are no longer free.

The file is an ISO image file if you are familiar then skip to the link, otherwise weve also got instructions on how to create a CD from the ISO file.

Burn Windows 7 or Vista Recovery Disc ISO to CD

You may already have a tool to do this such as Nero, but the best tool available for burning ISOs is ImgBurn, a freeware utility that does nothing else but burn ISO images, and it does it well.

Open up ImgBurn, and then click on the Browse for a file button, selecting the file you downloaded from Neosmart.

Put a blank CD into the drive, and then click the big Write button.

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How to Make a Windows 7 or Vista Repair Disk If You Dont ...

Oviedo Window Replacement 407-830-7004
Oviedo Window Replacement 407-830-7004 Visit Online at http://www.All-AmericanExteriors.com Since 1994 All-American Exteriors has served the needs of residential and business customers...

By: Windows Doors Orlando

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Oviedo Window Replacement 407-830-7004 - Video

Once youve made the decision to replace the windows in your Long Island home, youll want to do some research; exploring aesthetics and various styles before you make a decision youll literally live with for many years to come. Youll certainly want to consider popular window styles recommended by your friends and family who have upgraded their windows. However, while we all want an energy efficient replacement window, what makes one window appeal to you and your home may be very different than what appeals to someone else.

The right window for your home depends on when the home was built, the look and style you want to create and how important performance and durability are to you. If you take a driving tour through Long Island, youll notice that architectural styles vary widely throughout most communities on Long Island. Heres a quick overview of some of the most popular styles you might see on your tour.

Ranch and Modified Ranch Homes

Although many people think of ranch style homes as single story dwellings with an elongated profile, here on Long Island, in addition to these standard ranches we also have some modified ranch styles. These include High-Ranch, Split-Level and Contemporary Ranch designs.

High Ranch and Split-level ranch homes are long and narrow, with several levels. Perfect for hugging the hills, these homes meld with the local terrain. There could be more than three levels, but generally, youll find at least one portion of the house at ground level with the main entrance and both a raised and a lowered section. Unlike two story homes with full-length staircases between upper and lower floors, split-level ranch sections are separated by only five or six stairs, similar to a half-story flight of stairs.

In a Split Level, the front entrance often opens into a large living area and it is common to see short stairways nest to each other on one wall one stair leads to an upper level and the other leading to the dropped spaces. Large plate windows flanked with either casement or double-hung windows are common in the Split Level living room. You can dress up your windows with grilles or leave them bare for a larger viewing area.

You may even find a few contemporary ranch homes with hipped or gabled roofs and dormers as you tour Long Island neighborhoods.

Cape Code: Double Dormer

While the traditional Cape Cod has sharply sloped rooflines (probably as a response to shedding New Englands heavy snow), gabled dormers are more often seen as Cape Cod architectural elements. Grilles in the windows add a unifying element to this style. So whether you choose sliding windows or conventional crank-type casements, opt for window grilles for authenticity. A double casement dormer window design, where the two sides open from the center out, would typically have 6 to 8 panes on each side.

Typical Cape Cod homes built during the Colonial era that lasted from the early 1600s until the mid 1830s, feature the same eight-panes-per-sash design on double-hung windows with fixed or operable shutters attached.

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Renewal by Andersen Long Island Replacement Windows

Window Replacement Cost Laguna Beach
Window Replacement Cost Laguna Beach 888-593-4894 http://TheWindowGuys.com We are the #1 Choice for your Window Replacement Cost Laguna Beach Call Right NOW! for your FREE In-Home.

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Window Replacement Cost Laguna Beach - Video

Window Replacement Oviedo 407-830-7004
Window Replacement Oviedo 407-830-7004 Visit Online at http://www.All-AmericanExteriors.com Since 1994 All-American Exteriors has served the needs of residential and business customers...

By: Windows Doors Orlando

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Window Replacement Oviedo 407-830-7004 - Video

Window Replacement in, PA
See More: http://castlewindows.com/ Great windows are not just made. Years of research and development have gone into creating the windows that are now offered by Castle. We continually solicit...

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Window Replacement in, PA - Video