A narrative or story is any report of connected events, actual or imaginary, presented in a sequence of written or spoken words, or still or moving images.[1]

Narrative can be organized in a number of thematic and/or formal categories: non-fiction (e.g. definitively including creative non-fiction, biography, journalism, and historiography); fictionalization of historical events (e.g. anecdote, myth, legend, and historical fiction); and fiction proper (e.g. literature in prose and sometimes poetry, such as short stories, novels, and narrative poems and songs, as well as imaginary narratives as portrayed in other textual forms, games, or live or recorded performances). Narrative is found in all forms of human creativity, art, and entertainment, including speech, literature, theatre, music and song, comics, journalism, film, television and video, radio, gameplay, unstructured recreation, and performance in general, as well as some painting, sculpture, drawing, photography, and other visual arts (though several modern art movements refuse the narrative in favor of the abstract and conceptual), as long as a sequence of events is presented. The word derives from the Latin verb narrare, "to tell", which is derived from the adjective gnarus, "knowing" or "skilled".[2]

Oral storytelling is perhaps the earliest method for sharing narratives. During most people's childhoods, narratives are used to guide them on proper behavior, cultural history, formation of a communal identity, and values, as especially studied in anthropology today among traditional indigenous peoples.[3] Narratives also act as "living" entities through cultural stories, as they are passed on from generation to generation. Because the narrative storytelling is often left without explicit meanings, children act as participants in the storytelling process by delving deeper into the open-ended story and making their own interpretations.[4]

The word "story" may be used as a synonym for "narrative" as well as for "plot," the collective events within any given narrative. Narratives may also be nested within other narratives, such as narratives told by an unreliable narrator (a character) typically found in noir fiction genre. An important part of narration is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration (see also "Narrative Aesthetics" below).

Along with exposition, argumentation, and description, narration, broadly defined, is one of four rhetorical modes of discourse. More narrowly defined, it is the fiction-writing mode whereby the narrator communicates directly to the reader.

Owen Flanagan of Duke University, a leading consciousness researcher, writes that "Evidence strongly suggests that humans in all cultures come to cast their own identity in some sort of narrative form. We are inveterate storytellers."[5] Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art and most works of literature tell stories; indeed, most of the humanities involve stories.[citation needed]

Stories are of ancient origin, existing in ancient Egyptian, ancient Greek, Chinese and Indian cultures and their myths. Stories are also a ubiquitous component of human communication, used as parables and examples to illustrate points. Storytelling was probably one of the earliest forms of entertainment. As noted by Owen Flanagan, narrative may also refer to psychological processes in self-identity, memory and meaning-making.

Semiotics begins with the individual building blocks of meaning called signs; and semantics, the way in which signs are combined into codes to transmit messages. This is part of a general communication system using both verbal and non-verbal elements, and creating a discourse with different modalities and forms.

In On Realism in Art Roman Jakobson argues that literature exists as a separate entity. He and many other semioticians prefer the view that all texts, whether spoken or written, are the same, except that some authors encode their texts with distinctive literary qualities that distinguish them from other forms of discourse. Nevertheless, there is a clear trend to address literary narrative forms as separable from other forms. This is first seen in Russian Formalism through Victor Shklovsky's analysis of the relationship between composition and style, and in the work of Vladimir Propp, who analysed the plots used in traditional folk-tales and identified 31 distinct functional components.[6] This trend (or these trends) continued in the work of the Prague School and of French scholars such as Claude Lvi-Strauss and Roland Barthes. It leads to a structural analysis of narrative and an increasingly influential body of modern work that raises important epistemological questions

In literary theoretic approach, narrative is being narrowly defined as fiction-writing mode in which the narrator is communicating directly to the reader. Until the late 19th century, literary criticism as an academic exercise dealt solely with poetry (including epic poems like the Iliad and Paradise Lost, and poetic drama like Shakespeare). Most poems did not have a narrator distinct from the author.

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Narrative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ripping the roof off your house and adding a whole new level on top may sound like a drastic means of gaining space, but there are various situations in which it makes sense. In some cases, a new level can be a big money-saver; in others, the real payback is something you can't put a price on: the ability to stay in the neighborhood you've lived in for years or to continue enjoying a setting that couldn't be duplicated elsewhere.

Must-Read Remodeling Design Tips

There are at least three ways to expand vertically during your home renovation. One is to literally tear off the roof and build a whole new upper level from scratch. Another is to sever the existing roof around the edges and lift it off temporarily, then put it back in place after the new level has been framed in. A third tactic for your house addition is to expand an upper level out across an existing one-story section, such as a flat-roof garage or porch.

If you need to add a sizable amount of space (several rooms rather than just one or two) but are faced with a tight budget, adding up may be your smartest option. One reason your remodeling costs may be lower is that you won't have to do any foundation work'one of the more costly portions of any remodeling project'because you'll be building on your existing foundation. (You'll need to have the foundation checked, however, to make sure it can support the additional weight.)

Second, you may be able to save a bundle on roof construction by lifting off the existing roof with a crane in one or two large sections, and then reinstalling it on the new second story. Renting a crane is expensive, but much cheaper than building a whole new roof from scratch.

Third, adding a new level that fits on top of your home's existing footprint means you'll double its square footage in a matter of days (the length of time needed to frame and "weather" in an upper level). After that, you can finish off the new space all at once or room by room, as your budget allows. And if you're handy, you might be able to do most of this work yourself. If the new rooms are simple spaces and you use inexpensive finishes, the total cost for these types of house additions could be about half that of a conventional ground-level addition of the same size.

25 Tips for Keeping Your Remodel Budget on Track

For many families, location is everything. As the country's metro areas sprawl and the cost of buildable land skyrockets, the convenience and charm of a well-established neighborhood often become irreplaceable at any price. If you have little or no room to expand laterally but dread the idea of selling and hunting for a new neighborhood that feels just as homey, consider staying put and expanding vertically instead.

Even if your home remodeling plans are more elaborate than simply adding raw square footage as cheaply as possible, creating a much larger house within the same footprint can net considerable benefits'financial as well as personal. In highly desirable older neighborhoods, houses that doubles in size are likely to double'or triple'in home values much faster than those in some of the newer, less convenient areas.

This especially tends to be true of one-story homes that gain a second level and make a more substantial or striking architectural statement when viewed from the street. But often the intangible benefits are the real reward. How do you put a price on being able to look out your windows at the backyard where your children once played in the sprinkler, or at the huge shade tree you planted with your own hands when you first moved in? Or knowing that every time you go to the local market or drugstore, the shopkeepers will know you by name?

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Second-Level Home Additions - Better Homes and Gardens

Though outwardly warm, bumbling, and clownish, the Second Doctor also had a darker, more cunning aspect to his personality one which he usually kept hidden in order to carry out his plans. Regenerating when his first incarnation gave in to old age and fatigue following his fight with the Cybermen, this new incarnation was the product of the Doctor's first regeneration.

He travelled with a number of companions, starting with his previous incarnation's last companions, Ben Jackson and Polly Wright, before adding Highland Scot Jamie McCrimmon to the TARDIS. After a while, Ben and Polly left, to be replaced by Victoria Waterfield, a woman orphaned by the Daleks. In time, she too left, and the Doctor made a new friend in the mentally gifted Zoe Heriot. At some point, he also travelled with his grandchildren, John and Gillian.

His adventures came to an end when he called on his people for help with the evil machinations of the War Lord. Though the Time Lords did indeed render assistance, they also condemned him to exile on Earth and a new body for breaking their non-interference policy many times over. The Celestial Intervention Agency was able to stay the execution of this sentence for a while in exchange for the Doctor providing his services to them. During these later years of his life, the Second Doctor variously carried out covert operations for the CIA and lived in luxury and fame in the heart of 1960s London. Eventually, though, Time Lord justice reasserted itself, and the Doctor was indeed forced to regenerate into his third body.

The First Doctor nearly regenerated during a surgery by Aldridge to replace his hand after he lost his original hand to the Soul Pirates. (PROSE: A Big Hand for the Doctor)

This article needs to be updated.

Info from The Light at the End & The Chameleon Factor needs to be added

These omissions are so great that the article's factual accuracy has been compromised. Check out the discussion page and revision history for further clues about what needs to be updated in this article.

The Second Doctor emerges from the First Doctor's regeneration. (TV: The Tenth Planet)

After enjoying a long life, the First Doctor reached the limits of old age in his original body after defeating the Cybermen in Antarctica. While Ben and Polly watched from a distance, the Doctor regenerated on the floor of his TARDIS for the first time in his life, his appearance changing into that of a much younger man - to the shock of his companions. (TV: The Tenth Planet)

After his regeneration, which he referred to it as a "renewal", the new Doctor found himself suspected as an impostor by Ben, this being due to the Doctor failing to inform his companions of the Time Lord's ability to regenerate, while Polly was more ready to believe that he was the same Doctor.

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Second Doctor - Tardis Data Core, the Doctor Who Wiki

Adler Building Company
Home remodeling - Room additions - Second story additions - Bathroom additions - Kitchen additions - 2 story additions.

By: Joe Sterbling

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Adler Building Company - Video

I recently came across this article about student data walls in the classroom. I agree, data walls shame our students. There are not many topics in education that I will stand up on my soap box for, but I feel very strongly about keeping student progress private. This is,of course, because of personal experiences as a child.

A few chocolate chips made of construction paper destroyed my confidence in math, which carried over all the way to high school.

In third grade, my teacher created a bulletin board with blank chocolate chip cookies. For each multiplication table learned we would earn a chocolate chip. The class would receive a pizza party when everyone had filled up their cookie with all 12 chocolate chips.

Guess who ended the school year with just FOUR chocolate chips? That's right, yours truly. Imagine also that all of the other students in the class had successfully learned their multiplication tables and that by the end of the year you were the only one taking the weekly tests. . . . I was the reason that the class did not have their pizza party. My teacher was quick to tell the class that this was the very first year she had not been able to have said pizza party . . . Needless to say, I learned to hate math. (But not cookies, which is why I need to love the gym more)

Fast forward to 12th grade, when I was taking Algebra II for the second time. I was an honors student so this was extremely depressing for me. I had the most AMAZING first year teacher who completely changed my outlook on math and gave me an incredible amount of confidence. His teachings carried over into college and gave me a passion for math that I try to channel into my own students today.

I know that my case is probably an extreme one, but I will NEVER share student data with other students on a wall or in any other way.

I've proven in my classroom, that it is possible to motivate struggling students without a public competition.Sometimes all you need is a competition with yourself and a supportive teacher who will give you the tools you need to overcome every obstacle.

I would love to know your thoughts on this hot topic, leave your comments below. 🙂

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Second Grade Math Maniac

April 11, 2015 - Atlantic League (AtL) York Revolution (York, Pa.): The York Revolution have announced three last additions to the 2015 preseason roster, highlighted by the return of reliever Stephen Penney. Second-year catcher Steve Sulcoski also returns to York, while the team adds speedy outfielder Desmond Henry. The signings were first announced by Revs manager and 2014 Atlantic League Manager of the Year Mark Mason yesterday exclusively on the final preseason episode of "Revs Hot Stove Weekly" on SportsRadio 1350 WOYK-AM.

Penney enters his fourth season with the Revs in 2015 as one of the top relievers in franchise history. The 6'7 righty has appeared in a Revs relief record 164 contests, just 11 appearances behind Corey Thurman for the club's all-time overall lead. The 28-year-old is 10-5 with nine saves and a 2.99 ERA during his time in York, with his 10 victories matching the club's all-time relief record. Last season, Penney's ERA shrunk to 2.32 to go with a 3-2 record, as he authored the longest scoreless streaks by a reliever in team history, going 20.2 innings without allowing a run from June 15 through August 8, and 21 consecutive appearances without a run from June 18 through August 8. The San Diego native was originally a 29th round draft pick of the Seattle Mariners in 2008 out of UC Riverside, and spent his first four seasons in the Mariners organization, ascending to Double-A Jackson in 2011. Over his entire career, Penney is 26-13 with 17 saves and a 3.61 ERA.

Sulcoski, 24, appeared in 11 Atlantic League games as a rookie last season, including six with the Revs. The second-year pro completed his college career at Misericordia University before signing with Rio Grande Valley of the United League, where he batted .304 in 47 games played at catcher and first base. The Hanover Township, PA native signed with York on August 5, and after appearing in six games with the Revs, landed with the Somerset Patriots where he finished his first professional season.

Henry brings plus speed to the Revs, as the 21-year-old embarks on his fifth pro season. The Los Angeles native was a fourth-round pick of the Texas Rangers out of high school in the 2011 draft, beginning his pro career at age 17, and has spent time at the rookie level in the Rangers and Kansas City Royals organizations. The outfielder owns 61 hits, 52 runs, and 36 steals in 105 career games, including 20 steals in just 48 games for Burlington in 2013.

The Revolution now have 30 players under contract for the 2015 season as the team is set to begin its Spring Training this week. The Revs will take the field in front of the home crowd at Santander Stadium for the first time this season in an exhibition against Somerset at Fan Fest presented by WGTY 107.7 on Saturday, April 18 at 2 p.m., and will officially open the 2015 season, their ninth season of play as a franchise, at home against the Long Island Ducks on Friday, April 24 at 6:30 p.m. Tickets are on-sale at YorkRevolution.com, (717) 801-HITS, and at the Apple Chevrolet Ticket Office.

The York Revolution Professional Baseball Club is a member of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, and Atlantic League Champions in 2010 and 2011. 2015 is the Revolution's ninth season of operation at Santander Stadium, the centerpiece of Downtown York, PA, located at 5 Brooks Robinson Way. The facility hosts all 70 home games in addition to myriad events through the entire calendar year. For tickets or more information, please call 717-801-HITS (4487) or visit the Revolution online at YorkRevolution.com.

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Long-Time Relief Stalwart Stephen Penney Returning to Revs

Public interest exceeded expectations for this year's top to bottom tour of Friendship Hill National Historic Site.

Initially, three tours limited to 15 visitors each were offered for March 28. But those filled quickly, said Brian Reedy, the park's chief of interpretation. We had reservations for 45 people within an hour of the announcement. So we scheduled two more to accommodate more visitors.

Reedy donated a day of his time to the event, as did several students from Albert Gallatin High School. Monies raised from a $2 fee will help fund displays and interpretive signs throughout the mansion.

The purpose of the one-hour behind the scenes tour was to allow public access to areas of the site that are usually closed off or behind locked doors. Visitors often express an interest in the wine cellars housed in the basement or the second floor of the 1798 frame addition. Another area usually closed to the public are the long second story porches added by Albert Gallatin where he entertained visiting notables of the day such as the Marquis de Lafayette who addressed gathered throngs of well-wishers there May 27-28, 1825, at the only time he visited the county that bore his name Fayette.

Friendship Hill is as perfectly set as a jewel in the foothills of Fayette County. The 35-room mansion is really a collection of homes and additions. Fifteen of the rooms date to the time of Albert Gallatin (1761-1849), one of the most important political figures in the history of the early United States.

Gallatin came to America, then still engaged in the revolution, from Switzerland in 1781 with the intention of making his fortune in land speculation and industry in the nascent United States. After teaching his native French at Harvard College, he was drawn to land situated on the Monongahela River eventually christening the area New Geneva in homage to his native country.

He began construction of a two-story brick home a mansion by the standards of the Pennsylvania frontier in 1789 which he and his Italian bride Sophia Allegro dubbed Friendship Hill. Tragically, Sophia was not to enjoy the new home that was still under construction at the time of her death in 1789, probably from complications due to childbirth, speculated Reedy.

A frame addition followed in 1798, and an imposing three-story stone structure designed by Fayette County architect Hugh Graham completed Gallatin's additions in 1823. Gallatin had retired from government to become a very successful private banker and used his country home as a place to woo investors and make business transactions.

However, his second wife, Hannah, bred to New York society, abhorred rural Pennsylvania and eventually persuaded him to sell his beloved Friendship Hill in 1832.

In addition to a stellar career as a financier his fortune totaled more than $100,000 at the time of his death he played a key role in founding the New York Historical Society, New York University and the beginnings of the scientific study of ethnography in the United States.

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Gallatin house tours a hit at New Genevas Friendship Hill

Spring has sprung, and the smell of pine tar and bubble gum is in the air. For PlayStation owners, that means a chance to appreciate the latest edition of one of the top sports simulations.

Specifically, MLB 15: The Show (Sony Computer Entertainment, reviewed with PlayStation 4, Rated E, $59.99) delivers additions on many levels this year to offer an accessible as well as features rich way to virtually become part of a professional baseball franchise.

Its crammed with minutia thanks to a development team who must not only feel under enormous pressure to impress last years MLB 14: The Show crowd but to tempt the next generation of fans.

At its most fun are, of course, the 9-inning games between the MLB teams played in some beautiful-looking, realistic reproductions of stadiums and sporting life-like humans on and off the field.

For this novice, it always comes down to simply being able to enjoy participating in baseball from my couch in an easy-to-use and easy-to-understand format while playing head-to-head against a computer or friend.

Setting the game to the beginner difficulty and using classic controls accomplishes that easily and allows near any family member (tween and above) to begin to learn the nuances of the game at a very methodical pace.

My first few attempts to play MLB 15: The Show were dazzling to watch as well as participate in.

Be it the finely honed ability to select a pitch, get a clue where to deliver it or swing a bat with power, just for contact or being able to angle the direction of the ball off the bat while swinging (new to this years options), its all simple. Motions such as catching a fly ball in the outfield and tossing it back to the cut-off man, sliding around a tag or having the third baseman whip the ball to the second baseman to start a double play are a piece of cake and delivered with a press of the button or movements of the analog sticks.

During the simulations, I also could easily tell when my pitcher was getting tired (number of pitches, prompts from the announcer as well a shakier, pulsing target). I swapped him when he reached his limit with first a middle reliever and then closer to record those final outs and seal the victory.

In a second game I played, an unforgettable moment occurred when I controlled the Washington Nationals and used pitching machine Max Scherzer to mow down Chicago White Sox hitters.

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Zadzooks: MLB 15: The Show review

Will Middlebrooks also homered for San Diego off McCarthy, who struck out nine in five-plus innings of his Dodgers debut.

Gonzalez is the first player in MLB history to hit five home runs through his team's first three games of a season, according to Elias Sports. All three of Gonzalez's home runs came off Cashner. He also singled in a run off Frank Garces for a fourth RBI, going 10-for-13 in the series with seven RBIs. Kemp went 5-for-13 in the three games.

MOMENTS THAT MATTERED

Another fast start: Scoring runs -- period -- was a big problem for the Padres in 2014, as they ranked last in the game (535 runs). Not so much this season, as the Padres scored four first-inning runs in the series -- one each on Monday and Tuesday and then two on Wednesday on Upton's home run.

SD@LAD: J. Upton hammers a two-run shot to left field

4/8/15: Justin Upton drills a two-run home run over the left-field wall to open the scoring for the Padres

Historic hitting: Gonzalez also joined Carl Furillo (1955) and Jimmy Wynn (1974) as the only Dodgers since 1914 to homer in the first three games of a season and is the only Dodger since at least 1914 to have three hits in each of the first three games of the season. The last National Leaguer to do it was Orlando Cepeda in 1963. More >

SD@LAD: Gonzo hammers his second solo shot of game

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Gonzalez homers thrice off Cashner as Dodgers take series

Will Middlebrooks also homered for San Diego off McCarthy, who struck out nine in five-plus innings of his Dodgers debut.

Gonzalez is the first player in MLB history to hit five home runs through his team's first three games of a season, according to Elias Sports. All three of Gonzalez's home runs came off Cashner. He also singled in a run off Frank Garces for a fourth RBI, going 10-for-13 in the series with seven RBIs. Kemp went 5-for-13 in the three games.

MOMENTS THAT MATTERED

Another fast start: Scoring runs -- period -- was a big problem for the Padres in 2014, as they ranked last in the game (535 runs). Not so much this season, as the Padres scored four first-inning runs in the series -- one each on Monday and Tuesday and then two on Wednesday on Upton's home run.

SD@LAD: J. Upton hammers a two-run shot to left field

4/8/15: Justin Upton drills a two-run home run over the left-field wall to open the scoring for the Padres

Historic hitting: Gonzalez also joined Carl Furillo (1955) and Jimmy Wynn (1974) as the only Dodgers since 1914 to homer in the first three games of a season and is the only Dodger since at least 1914 to have three hits in each of the first three games of the season. The last National Leaguer to do it was Orlando Cepeda in 1963. More >

SD@LAD: Gonzo hammers his second solo shot of game

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Adrian a one-man wrecking crew with three homers vs. Padres