In September 2009, over 3,000 bee enthusiasts from around the world descended on the city of Montpellier in southern France for Apimondia a festive beekeeper conference filled with scientific lectures,hobbyist demonstrations, and commercial beekeepers hawking honey. But that year, a cloud loomed over the event: bee colonies across the globe were collapsing, and billions of bees were dying.

Bee declines have been observed throughout recorded history, but the sudden, persistent and abnormally high annual hive losses had gotten so bad that the U.S. Department of Agriculture had commissioned two of the worlds most well-known entomologists Dennis vanEngelsdorp, a chief apiary inspector in Pennsylvania, then studying at Penn State University, and Jeffrey Pettis, then working as a government scientist to study the mysterious decline. They posited that there must be an underlying factor weakening bees immune systems.

We exposed whole colonies to very low levels of neonicotinoids in this case, and then challenged bees from those colonies with Nosema, a pathogen, a gut pathogen, said Pettis, speaking to filmmaker Mark Daniels in his documentary,The Strange Disappearance of the Bees, at Apimondia. And we saw an increase, even if we fed the pesticide at very low levels an increase in Nosema levels in direct response to the low-level feeding of neonicotinoids.

The dosages of the pesticide were so miniscule, said vanEngelsdorp, that it was below the limit of detection. The only reason they knew the bees had consumed the neonicotinoids, he added, was because we exposed them.

Bee health depends on a variety of synergistic factors, the scientists were careful to note. But in this study, Pettis said, they were able to isolate one pesticide and one pathogen and we clearly see the interaction.

The evidence was mounting. Shortly after vanEngelsdorp and Pettis revealed their findings, a number of French researchers produced a nearly identical study, feeding minute amounts of the same pesticide to bees, along with a control group. The study produced results that echoed what the Americans had found.

Drifting clouds of neonicotinoid dust from planting operations caused a series of massive bee die-offs in northern Italy and the Baden-Wrttemberg region of Germany. Studies have shown neonicotinoids impaired bees ability to navigate and forage for food, weakened bee colonies, and made them prone to infestation by parasitic mites.

In 2013, the European Union called for a temporary suspension of the most commonly used neonicotinoid-based products on flowering plants, citing the danger posed to bees an effort that resulted in a permanent ban in 2018.

In the U.S., however, industry dug in, seeking not only to discredit the research but to castpesticide companies as a solution to the problem. Lobbying documents and emails, many of which were obtained through open records requests, show a sophisticated effort over the last decade by the pesticide industry to obstruct any effort to restrict the use of neonicotinoids. Bayer and Syngenta, the largest manufacturers of neonics, and Monsanto, one of the leading producers of seeds pretreated with neonics, cultivated ties with prominent academics, including vanEngelsdorp, and other scientists who had once called for a greater focus on the threat posed by pesticides.

Syngenta AGs headquarters in Basel, Switzerland, on Feb. 4, 2015.

Photo: Philipp Schmidli/Bloomberg via Getty Images

The companies also sought influence with beekeepers and regulators, and went to great lengths to shape public opinion. Pesticide firms launched new coalitions and seeded foundations with cash to focus on nonpesticide factors in pollinator decline.

Position the industry as an active promoter of bee health, and advance best management practices which emphasize bee safety, noted aninternal planning memo from CropLife America, the lobby group for the largest pesticide companies in America, including Bayer and Syngenta. The ultimate goal of the bee health project, the document noted, was to ensure that member companies maintained market access for neonic products and other systemic pesticides.

The planning memo, helmed in part by Syngenta regulatory official John Abbott, charts a variety of strategies for advancing the pesticide industrys interests, such as, Challenge EPA on the size and breadth of the pollinator testing program. CropLife America officials were also tapped to proactively shape the conversation in the new media realm with respect to pollinators and minimize negative association of crop protection products with effects on pollinators. The document, dated June 2014, calls for outreach to university researchers who could be independent validators.

The pesticide companies have used a variety of strategies to shift the public discourse.

Americas Heartland, a PBS series shown on affiliates throughout the country and underwritten by CropLife America, portrayed the pollinator declines as a mystery. One segment from early 2013 on the crisis made no mention of pesticides, with the host simply declaring that experts arent sure why bees and butterflies were disappearing.

Another segment,released in January2015, quickly mentions pesticides as one of many possible factors for honeybee deaths. A representative of the North American Bee Care Program, Becky Langer, appeared on the program to discuss the exotic pests that can affect the bees. The program does not mention Langers position as a spokesperson for Bayer focused on managing fallout from the bee controversy.

Michael Sanford, a spokesperson for PBS KVIE, which produces Americas Heartland, wrote in an email to The Intercept that consistent with strict PBS editorial standards and our own, sponsors of the show provided no editorial input.

Bayers advocacy, designed to position the firm as a leader in protecting bee health, included a roadshow around the country, in which Bayer officials handed out oversized ceremonial checks to local beekeepers and students. The firm hosts splashy websites touting its leadership in promoting bee health and sponsors a number of beekeeping associations.

Meanwhile, Bayer has financed a series of online advertisements that depict individuals who fear that its pesticide products harm nontarget insects as deranged conspiracy theorists.

Honeybees have captured almost all the attention for the dangers of neonics, but they are hardly the only species in decline because of the chemical.

Other forms of influence have been far more covert.

Communications staff with CropLife America compiled a list of terms to shape on search engine results, including neonicotinoid, pollinators, and neonics. One of the consulting firms tapped to coordinate the industrys outreach, Paradigm Communications, a subsidiary of the public relations giant Porter Novelli, helped lead the effort to shift how pesticide products were portrayed in search engine results.

A slide prepared by Paradigm Communications showcases its push to decoupleGoogle search results for bee decline with neonic pesticides.

The greatest public relations coup has been the push to reframe the debate around bee decline to focus only on the threat of Varroa mites, a parasite native to Asia that began spreading to the U.S. in the 1980s. The mite is known to rapidly infest bee hives and carry a range of infectious diseases.

CropLife America, among other groups backed by pesticide companies, has financed research and advocacy around the mite an effort designed to muddy the conversation around pesticide use. Meanwhile, research suggests the issues are interrelated; neonics make bees far more susceptible to mite infestations and attendant diseases.

Bayer even constructed a sculpture of the Varroa mite at its Bee Care Center in North Carolina and at its research center in Germany, hyping its role as the primary force fueling the decline of pollinators.

A model of honeybee with a Varroa mite on its back at Bayers Bee Care Center in Monheim am Rhein, Germany, on Nov. 19, 2013.

Photo: Joanna Nottebrock/The New York Times via Redux

The stunningly successful campaign has kept most neonic products in wide circulation in commercial agriculture as well as in home gardens. The result is a world awash in neonics and massive profits for companies such as Syngenta and Bayer, which now counts Monsanto as a subsidiary.

Millions of pounds of the chemical are applied to 140 commercial crops every year. In the U.S., nearly all field-planted corn and two-thirds of soybean use neonic-coated seeds. The chemical is found in soil samples from coast to coast, in waterways and in drinking water. Neonics, which are water soluble, have been detected in the American River in California, the River Waveney in England, tap water in Iowa City, and hundreds of other streams and rivers across the world. In Brazil last year, after President Jair Bolsonaros government approved dozens of new pesticides, the use of neonics caused the death of more than 500 million bees across the country.

In August, a study publishing in peer-reviewed journal PLOS One found that the American landscape has become 48 times more toxic to insects since the 1990s, a shift largely fueled by the rising application of neonics.

Honeybees have captured almost all the attention for the dangers of neonics, but they are hardly the only species in decline because of the chemical. Studies have tied neonics to the disappearance of native bees, butterflies, mayflies, dragonflies, amphipods, and a range of waterborne insects, as well as earthworms and other insect invertebrates. Several species of bumblebees in the U.S. and Europe are approaching extinction, a die-off researchers say is tied to the use of neonics and other pesticides.

In September, a study released in the academic journal Science revealed that migrating songbirds suffered immediate weight loss following the consumption of only one or two seeds treated with neonics. Previous research had linked disappearing insect life to dwindling food sources for birds in the Netherlands, but the Science study provided the evidence that bird species were directly affected by the chemical.

Another groundbreaking study published in NaturesScientific Reportsshowed that neonics are likely causing serious birth defects in white-tailed deer, the first time research has shown that the chemical compound could endanger large mammals.

Bees are the canary in the cornfield, said Lisa Archer,from Friends of the Earth. The science linking pesticides to the extinction crisis has grown.

Scientists are only now taking a closer look at the potential impact of neonics on humans and other mammals.

Bees are the canary in the cornfield, said Lisa Archer, the food and agriculture program director at Friends of the Earth. The science linking pesticides to the extinction crisis has grown.

Dave Goulson, a professor of biology at the University of Sussex, told The Intercept, I think perhaps we are reaching a tipping point where people finally begin to appreciate the importance of insects, the scale of their decline, and that blitzing the landscape with pesticides is not sustainable or desirable.

Bayer and Syngenta reject any claim that their neonic products are harming the environment.

Neonicotinoid products are critically important tools for farmers, and are approved for use in more than 100 countries due to their strong safety profile when used according to label, said Susan Luke, a spokesperson for Bayer Crop Science North America, in a statement to The Intercept. This is why Bayer continues to strongly support their continued safe use, even though the manufacture of neonic products is not a major part of our business.

Research claims that have been made questioning neonic safety all share common flaws, such as exposure levels that far exceed real-world scenarios, and the flawed idea that exposure to substances in the environment necessarily means harm,adds Luke. It does not, otherwise no one would go swimming in chlorine or drink caffeinated coffee.

Since neonicotinoids were introduced in the 1990s, honey bee colonies have been increasing in the United States, Europe, Canada and indeed around the world, Chris Tutino, a spokesperson for Syngenta, claimed in a statement to The Intercept. He added that most scientists and bee experts agree that bee health is affected by multiple factors, including parasites, diseases, habitat and nutrition, weather and hive management practices.

Tutino, in his email, noted that the neonic compound thiamethoxam, used in popular Syngenta products such as Cruiser and Dividend, had undergone extensive tests evaluating effects on pollinators, and provided links to five studies, all of which were produced by Syngenta consultants or employees.

Neither company responded directly to questions about the role of neonic products in fueling declines of butterflies, dragonflies, and other insect species beyond bee populations. Both companies highlighted company funding for honeybee health research.

The chemical industrys comments were disputed by Willa Childress, an organizer with Pesticide Action Network North America.While its true, Childress noted, that managed honeybee hive populations are growing, that is because of the commercial value of honeybees in pollinating a vast array of American agriculture. Beekeepers on average now lose around40-50 percent of hives every year, wellup from historical averages of10 percent. Many commercial beekeepers are forced to constantly divide hives and buy queens to maintain hive populations, with many relying on government subsidies to scrape by.So no, honeybees arent doing better than ever, said Childress. And the scientists do agree that multiple interacting factors are driving pollinator decline, including, as chemical companies neglect to mention, pesticide use.Honeybees will not go extinct in our lifetimes, noted Childress. But, she added, data on native bees and wild pollinators is far more apocalyptic than even the most concerning reports on honey bee losses. Unprecedented numbers of wild pollinators are facing extinction and we have very limited data on a number of other pollinators that are at risk.

Not long ago, action in the U.S. to restrict neonics seemed imminent.

The pressure began to build in 2010 after Tom Theobald, a beekeeper in Boulder, Colorado, obtained an internal Environmental Protection Agency report showing that the agencys own scientists had sharply criticized the research used to permit the sale of one of the most popular lines of neonic products.

In 2003, Bayer had secured the temporary right to use clothianidin, a neonic used widely for corn and canola, from the EPA under the condition that the company conduct a chronic life cycle study showing how use of the neonic would affect honeybees by the end of the following year.

The Bayer-funded study, led by Cynthia Scott-Dupree, an environmental sciences professor at the University of Guelph in Ontario, placed hives in clothianidin-treated fields of canola and hives in untreated fields of canola. The tests found little variation between the two sets of hives, but researchers later pointed out that the hives in the study were placed only 968 feet apart from one another. Honeybees forage for pollen up to six miles from their hives.

Scott-Dupree was later appointed the Bayer CropScience Chair in Sustainable Pest Management at the University of Guelph. Regulators in Canada and at the EPA used the study to clear clothianidin for unconditional use. Internally, however, EPA scientists expressed concerns.

The memo, written by two EPA scientists, noted that the previous Bayer-funded study failed baseline guidelines for pesticide research and warned that clothianidin posed a major risk concern to nontarget insects (that is, honey bees).

A dizzying array of research began pointing to problems with neonics. Despite claims that the compound represents a form of precision agriculture, a growing body of research shows that the chemical strays far from targetedcrops, often traveling with the wind during planting operations, remaining in the soil for long periods of time, leaching into waterways, and causing acute problems for a wide variety of insect and animal life.

In 2014, Rep. Earl Blumenauer, a Democrat from Oregon, introduced legislation to compel the EPA to take steps to suspend the pesticides. That year, in response to growing controversies around bee decline and the demands for greater accountability over loosely regulated pesticide use, President Barack Obama issued an executive memorandum calling attention to the significant loss of pollinators, including honey bees, native bees, birds, bats, and butterflies.

Activists picketed the White House demanding action. Beekeepers and environmentalist groups filed lawsuits challenging the registration status of major neonic products, claiming that EPA had violated its own protocols when licensing products from Bayer and Syngenta. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced a decision to phase out neonics in wildlife refuge areas in the Pacific region.

Around the country, legislators in states across the country proposed bills to restrict neonics. In Minnesota, a bill was signed into law to prevent nurseries from marketing plants as pollinator-friendly if they had been treated with neonics.

For a while, the movement seemed to be gaining traction, which some hoped would lead the U.S. to mirror the EU in moving to regulate the widely used insecticide.

In the end, little changed. The settlements related to the lawsuits removed small-market neonics. The private-public partnerships that grew out of the Obama memorandum lacked any enforcement mechanism to restrict neonic use in agriculture. President Donald Trump rescinded the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service rule. Minnesota legislators quickly repealed the labeling requirement a year after it was passed.

Aftera hearing in which he pointed to pesticides, Jeffrey Pettistoldthe Washington Post that hewas criticized him for failing to follow the script.

In almost every other state, with the exception of Vermont, Connecticut, and Maryland, lobbyists from the pesticideand agribusiness industrysuccessfully killed any significant restriction on neonic products. The scientific community, once focused on studying the impact of pesticides, became splintered, with many of the leading voices going to work for industry or industry-backed nonprofits.

Critics of neonics were quickly sidelined. In April 2014, the House Agriculture Subcommittee on Horticulture, Research, Biotechnology, and Foreign Agriculture then chaired by Rep. Austin Scott, a Georgia Republican convened a hearing to discuss the pollinator crisis. The event featured David Fischer, a Bayer official, and Jeff Stone, lobbyist for commercial nurseries. Both men used the hearing to warn against any restrictionson neonics in response to bee decline. The third, Dan Cummings, a representative of the Almond Board, a trade group for almond growers, focused on the threat of the Varroa mite.

A fourth witness, the Department of Agriculture researcher Jeffrey Pettis thescientist who had collaborated with vanEngelsdorp noted that unlike traditional pesticides, neonics are found in pollen, increasing exposure to bees. Under questioning from Scott, the committee chair, Pettis reiterated that even without mites, bees would still be in decline, and pesticides raise concern to a new level.

After the hearing, Pettis told the Washington Post that he spoke privately with Scott, who criticized him for failing to follow the script.

CropLife America, notably, celebrated the hearing performance for its heavy focus on nonpesticide-related factors for bee decline. One thing that we hope was made clear during the hearing was the crop protection industrys commitment to addressing this issue, Jay Vroom, then the president of CropLife America, said in astatement.

Campaign finance records show that CropLife America, just weeks after the hearing, gave$3,500 to Scott, who then sponsored legislation to solve the bee crisis through exemptions to expedite the approval of pesticides used to control the Varroa mite.

And two months after the hearing, according to the Post, Pettis was demoted, losing his role managing the USDA bee lab in Beltsville, Maryland. Pettis later left the government and now serves as president of Apimondia.

Entomologist Jonathan Lundgren, who is researching answers for what might be causing the dwindling honeybee population, on Jan. 9, 2016.Photos: Michael S. Williamson/The Washington Post/Getty Images

The Post also details the story of a prominent USDA scientist, Jonathan Lundgren, who researched the dangers posed by neonics to pollinators and spoke publicly about the issue. In 2015, Lundgren suddenly faced suspensions and an internal government investigation over misconduct, a push he believes was motivated by industry for his role in speaking out on pesticides.

I guess I started asking the wrong questions, pursuing risk assessments of neonicotinoids on a lot of different field crop seeds used throughout the U.S. and how they were affecting non-target species like pollinators, Lundgren told The Intercept.

The USDA did not respond to The Intercepts request for comment. It told the Post that the suspensions had nothing to do with his research. They were for conduct unbecoming a federal employee and violating travel regulations.

Lundgren now runs Blue Dasher Farm in South Dakota, a research effort to develop ways to rotate diverse sets of crops as a way to increase yields and suppress pests naturally. There are few institutions, he noted, where researchers can pursue science independent of industry influence. Universities have become dependent on extramural funds, entire programs are bankrolled by these pesticide companies, chemical companies,headded.

The regulatory system in the U.S. assumes chemical products are generally safe until proven hazardous.

Generally, we see the U.S. waiting longer than the EU to take action on a variety of pesticides and other chemicals,said Childress,the organizer with Pesticide Action Network North America. Part of the divergence, Childress continued, stems from a regulatory system in the U.S. that assumes chemical products are generally safe until proven hazardous. In contrast, the EU tends to use the precautionary principle, removing products that may cause harm, and requiring proof of safety before allowing them to return to market.

Another major factor, Childress noted, is the widespread corporate capture of American regulatory institutions. The EPA, for instance, employs 11 former lobbyists including its administrator, Andrew Wheeler, who previously worked for coal interests in opposition to climate regulationsin senior positions.

The pesticide industry also maintains a long history of underhanded methods to discredit its critics.

Monsanto deployed aggressive tactics to punish critics of Roundup, the most widely used herbicide in the world and the companys marquee product over the last several decades. Emails released through ongoing litigation in California last year showed that the firm used its lobbyists to orchestrate a campaignin Congress to criticize and defund scientists with the World Health Organizations cancer research affiliate, after that body had declared that glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, is a probable carcinogen. Many of the documents detailing Monsantos role in shaping the public discourse around glyphosate were released during the course of class-action lawsuits filed by cancer victims whoblame the company for their illnesses.

Syngenta became infamous after its tactics against University of California, Berkeley Professor Tyrone Hayes were reported. Hayess research showed that the companys signature herbicide, atrazine, appeared to disrupt the sexual development of frogs.

The company dispatched people to follow and record Hayes at public speaking events, commissioned a psychological profile of the professor, and worked with a variety of writers to smear Hayes as non-credible and a liability to academics who considered working with him. The effort to sideline Hayes and his research, which included coordination with industry-friendly academics, was revealed in a series of court documents that were disclosed over litigation involving claims that Syngenta had polluted local water sources with atrazine.

In the two lawsuits against Syngenta and Monsanto, subpoenaed documents revealed that both Syngenta and Monsanto maintain a list of third party stakeholders, including free market think tanks and scientists the industry could turn to for messaging support.

Many of the think tanks and individuals included in the roster now play a prominent role in the neonic debate. The American Council on Health and Science, which has relied on corporate funding from Monsanto, Bayer, and Syngenta, has published overa dozen articles disputing the dangers posed by neonics.

In one email revealed through the Monsanto-Roundup litigation, Daniel Goldstein, a Monsanto official, wrote to colleagues in all-caps to support the councils work: I can assure you I am not all starry eyed about ACSH- they have PLENTY of warts- but: You WILL NOT GET A BETTER VALUE FOR YOUR DOLLAR than ACSH. The bottom of the email included hyperlinks to articles criticizing demands to regulate both glyphosate and neonic pesticides.

The Heartland Institute, one of the think tanks in Syngentas third-party stakeholder list, which has received Bayer donations in the past, has published articles deriding research critical of neonics as junk science.

The pesticide industry is using Big Tobaccos PR tactics to try and spin the science about their products links to bee declines and delay action while they keep profiting, said Archer, whose group, Friends of the Earth, has documented the lobbying tactics of pesticide makers.

When neonics hit the market three decades ago, they were the first new class of insecticide invented in nearly 50 years, and their use skyrocketed.

As early as the late 17th century, farmers found that they could grind tobacco plants and use nicotine extract to kill beetles on crops. Nicotine acts as an organic insecticide, binding to nerve receptors and causing paralysis and death in aphids, white flies, and other plant-eating insects.

Attempts to use nicotine for a mass-market pesticide, however, frustrated scientists. In early research, sunlight diluted the effectiveness of nicotine-based products. But that changed just over three decades ago, when Bayer scientists at Nihon Bayer Agrochem, the firms Japanese subsidiary,first synthesized neonicotinoids in the 1980s a compound that not only withstood heat and sunlight, but could be applied to the root or seed of a plant and remain effective for that plants entire lifespan.

Neonics were hailed as the Goldilocks compound because they are not too hard, not too soft, but just right.

The new chemical came just in time. Farmers and regulators were seeking alternatives to another class of pesticides organophosphates, nerve agents sprayed on crops that had been found to cause cancer in humans. Initial studies of neonics showed that the compound was acutely toxic to insects but unlikely to cause harm to mammals.

As one scientist for Bayer described the invention in a 1993 Science magazine article hailing the introduction of the new class of chemicals, neonics were the Goldilocks compound because they are not too hard, not too soft, but just right.

And because seeds could be pretreated with neonics, which were absorbed and expressed through the tissue, nectar, and pollen, they could be also produced on an industrial scale, providing agriculture crops with an efficient insect-killing capability without the need for expensive spray treatments or constant reapplication.

In other words, farmers could soak the ground and seeds with enormous amounts of the compound to avoid problems from pests in the future. The delivery mechanism saved money for farmers but set the conditions for chronic overuse of the pesticides.

Estimated agricultural use of imidacloprid. Information compiled from the U.S. Geological Surveys Pesticide National Synthesis Project.

Map: USGS National Water-Quality Assessment, The Intercept

The first commercial neonic, imidacloprid, was registered with the EPA in 1994 and sold as a potato seed treatment. Business boomed as neonic products spread worldwide to Japan, France, Germany, and South Africa. In the U.S., it became a popular standard seed and root treatment for corn, cotton, soybeans, almonds, and a range of fruits and vegetables.

Neonics were even used for household applications. Bayer produced imidacloprid as a flea treatment on pets throughout the U.S. The Advantage line of flea control took off, with a marketing campaign featuring the Jack Russell terrier Eddie from the television show Frasier and a 30-foot inflatable flea in Times Square.

Chemical Week called the introduction of neonics a renaissance for the U.S. insecticides industry providing environmentally friendly products. The Columbus Dispatch, in an article for home gardeners about ways to deliver a surgical strike against pests, called for consumers to consider Bayers Merit soil treatment, which the paper called virtually non-toxic.

The swift adoption of the compound instantly made Bayer, which had previously profited largely from its pharmaceutical line of products, a worldwide player in the agrochemical industry.

Imidacloprid is our most important product,the head of Bayers pesticide division told investors in 2008.

In 2003, at a forum hosted by Goldman Sachs, Bayer listed Confidor, Premise, and Gaucho, several seed treatments based on neonic compounds, among its top-performing products in a presentation outlining the companys performance metrics. Another investor presentation, given by Bayer executives in Lyon, France, projected rapid growth from the neonic products, estimating that the firm, which had sales of close to 400 million euros from the portfolio in 1998, would more than double to 850 million euros by 2010.

Imidacloprid is our most important product, Friedrich Berschauer, then-head of Bayers pesticide division, told investors during a conference call in 2008, according to a transcript of his remarks. Company disclosures underscore Berschauers remarks: During that fiscal year, the company reported 932 million euros in sales for its top two neonic compounds.

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The Pesticide Industry's Playbook for Poisoning the Earth - The Intercept

An annual ranking of Canadian cities for bedbugs shows Vancouver has itched its way into third place.

On the 2019 list released by Orkin Canada, Vancouver is bested only by Toronto in first place and Winnipeg in second. St. Johns follows in fourth and Ottawa in fifth.

The only other B.C. city to make it to the top 25 is Burnaby, coming in at 19.

As in previous years rankings, larger cities and travel hot spots populated the top of the list, with bedbugs reported in both clean and dirty homes, and office buildings. According to the pest control experts, bedbugs were a rarely experienced irritant just 20 years ago, but have become a common problem in urban centres.

Signs of a bedbug infestation include tiny, dark coloured spots or stains or cast skins. The critters are often spotted in and around mattress tags or in seams, under seat cushions, behind headboards, creases of furniture, buckling wallpaper and carpets.

The ranking is based on the number of commercial and residential bedbug treatments carried out by the company between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31, 2019.

1. Toronto2. Winnipeg3. Vancouver4. St. Johns5. Ottawa6. Scarborough7. Halifax8. Oshawa9. Sudbury10. Hamilton11. Windsor12. Edmonton13. Montreal14. North York15. Moncton16. Calgary17. Mississauga18. Etobicoke19. Burnaby20. Whitby21. London22. Saskatoon23. Peterborough24. Nepean25. Dartmouth

When travelling, dont put clothing or luggage on the bed, which allows the bugs, if present, to climb in.

Use metal luggage racks to keep suitcases off the carpet and away from walls or wooden furniture. (The bugs cant climb metal surfaces very well.)

Use plastic bags to pack clothing. This prevents the spread of bedbugs if they do happen to hitch a ride in your suitcase.

Its rare but bedbugs can thrive not just in hotels, but also on airplane and train seats, buses and rental cars.

sip@postmedia.com

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Is there more to this story? Wed like to hear from you about this or any other stories you think we should know about. Email vantips@postmedia.com.

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Vancouver ranked third most popular city for bedbugs in Canada in 2019 - Vancouver Sun

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Ecdysone Market 2019-2024 Global Industry Analysis, Future Growth, Business Prospects and Forecast - BulletintheNews

A fringe political party is hoping for better returns in 2020 after adding a high profile independent lawyer as co-leader. Alex Braae reports.

A courtroom champion of stopping 1080 drops and promoting medicinal cannabis rights is turning her attention to parliament.

Independent lawyer Sue Grey gained national profile through cases like the Brook Valley 1080 drop, acting on behalf of the Renton family in their bid to access medicinal cannabis for their son Alex, and the Saxmere case against the Wool Board. In that time she has been no stranger to controversy.

Now Grey has been elected as the co-leader of The Outdoors Party, a group formed in 2015 with positions on issues around hunting, fishing and land use matters. She brings with her additional profile to a party which was only able to field four candidates in the 2017 election, gathering up a mere 1,620 party votes.

Alternative views on major environmental issues will be at the forefront of The Outdoors Partys push to win seats in the 2020 election. That includes opposition to the pest control poison 1080, which has been a major flashpoint for wider concerns and conspiracies around ecological health and government decision making.

Many conservationists, including those at the Department of Conservation, heavily back the use of 1080, saying that it is the safest and most effective way to protect native bird populations from being wiped out by pests. At times, the tactics of anti-1080 activists have turned nasty, including threats being made against DOC staff.

Grey characterises her partys views on 1080 as balanced, saying theyre based on science, environmental management, and animal cruelty concerns.

Weve actually been walking the walk on these issues, and we really have an in-depth understanding, from the perspective of hunters and fishers who have been in the outdoors for decades.

I wouldnt say skeptical, Id say were looking for better solutions.

A 1080 protest outside Parliament (Radio NZ, Phil Smith)

Its a more moderate position (but on the same continuum of views) to that of the previously registered Ban 1080 Party, which contested the 2014 and 2017 elections and received several thousand votes in each. Grey confirmed that since that party deregistered, many former members had moved to join The Outdoors Party instead. She also said there had been a really diverse range of people joining from other established parties.

Grey did not disclose exact membership numbers, as is standard for most political parties. However, she said The Outdoors Party has comfortably the required 500 members needed to stand for the party vote, adding that our membership has doubled over the last six months or so, and its all been growing since the start of the party.

The Outdoors Party is currently working on its strategy for the 2020 election, but Grey confirmed that it will involve targeted campaigns at electorate seats. She will be standing in Nelson, where she is based, and says shes confident of giving incumbent National MP Nick Smith a run for his money.

Hes done a good job for Nelson over the last 20 years, or however long hes been there, but the time has definitely come for a change. If we can win one electorate, were on the same footing as ACT, and weve got other very good contenders around New Zealand.

Grey has previously tussled with Smith in court, in the defence of Rose Renton, who was found guilty of offensive behaviour after rubbing rat poison on Nick Smith at a protest.

There are plenty of fertile issues for The Outdoors Party to campaign on in 2020, including tapping into anger among gun owners at the buyback programme. They will be competing for space there with many other parties, including ACT, New Conservative, and National.

Party co-leader Alan Simmons went as far as to accuse the government of tyranny in how the new laws were being implemented. He also alleged that a parliamentary Select Committee had suppressed his testimony to them on the matter.

The party has also pushed a range of other issues, ranging from a call for fisheries management to be rebalanced so that it is less focused on commercial operations, to concerns around cellphone towers and the 5G network, another position which sits uneasily with a claim to scientific credibility.

Grey says people power is the underlying idea that connects the issues relevant to The Outdoors Party, arguing that too many decisions are taken in Wellington without regard for local views.

Weve had a whole cycle of nationalisation of decision making, which has disempowered our communities. I see the brunt of that with my legal work, and people are extremely frustrated.

Whether Grey gets the chance to take that message to Wellington as an MP will depend on extremely difficult hurdles being overcome. The Outdoors Party are yet to register in nationwide polling, and it is incredibly rare for minor parties to win electorate seats.

The Spinoff politics section is made possible by Flick, the electricity retailer giving New Zealanders power over their power. With both spot price and fixed price plans available, you can be sure youre getting true cost and real choice when you join Flick. Support us by making the switch today.

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Outdoors Party reckons it can ride an anti-1080 wave to parliament in 2020 - The Spinoff

Pest Control Software market Survey 2019

This research report is equipped with the information categorize for Pest Control Software Market by parameters such as players, brands, regions, types and application. The report also details the information about the global market status, competition landscape, growth rate, future trends, market drivers, challenges, opportunities and porters forces analysis with respect to these elements.

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Market Segment by Companies, this report covers, Pocomos, ServiceTracker, ServSuite, PestPac, Jobber, SalesRabbit, Beevio, Briostack, PestRoutes, Structural Pest Control System

Market Segment by Type, covers, Cloud Based, Web Based

Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into, Agriculture, Residentia and Commercial Buildings, Other

ThePest Control Software market research report has been compiled through extensive primary research through interviews, surveys, and observations of seasoned analysts and secondary research. The report also features a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment by analyzing data gathered from industry analysts and Pest Control Software market participants across key points in the industrys value chain.

The report also provides exhaustive PEST analysis for all five regions namely; North America, Europe, APAC, MEA and South America after evaluating political, economic, social and technological factors affecting the market in these regions.

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Pest Control SoftwareMarket:-Reports represents the detail analysis of the parent market based on elite players, present, past and futuristic data which will offer as a profitable guide for allPest Control SoftwareMarket competitors. The overall analysis AdvancedPest Control SoftwareMarket covers an overview of the industry policies thatPest Control SoftwareMarket significantly, the cost structure of the products available in the market, and their manufacturing chain.

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Overview of the chapters analyzingthePest Control SoftwareMarket in detail

Chapter 1 details the information relating toPest Control SoftwareMarket introduction, Scope of the product, market overview, Market risks, driving forces of the market, etc

Chapter 2 analyses the top manufacturers of the forPest Control SoftwareMarket by sales, revenue etc for the period 2019 to 2024

Chapter 3 throws light on the competition landscape among st the top manufacturers based on sales, revenue, market share etc for the period 2019 to 2024

Chapter 4 analyses the global market by regions and their market share, sales, revenue etc for the period 2019 to 2024

Chapters 5 to 9 analyse the key regions with key countries based on market share, revenue, sales etc.

Chapter 10 and 11 contain the information about market basis type and application, sales market share, growth rate etc for the period 2019 to 2024

Chapter 12 focuses on the market forecast for 2019 to 2024 for the Patient Derived Continuous forPest Control SoftwareMarket by regions, type and application, sales and revenue.

Chapter 13 to 15 contain the details related to sales channels, distributors, traders, dealers, research findings, research findings, and conclusion etc for the forPest Control SoftwareMarket.

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Pest Control Software Market Overview with Detailed Analysis, Competitive landscape, Forecast to 2025 | Pocomos, ServiceTracker, ServSuite, PestPac -...

Nobody wants roaches, termites or ants invading their living space. But if you have these creatures living in your house, there's a local pest control company that says it can make them "dead and gone."

Dead & Gone Pest Control in North Fort Myers handles various pest control problem, from bugs to rodents.

They have racked up some honors and "Best of" awards.

Dead & Gone Pest Control in North Fort Myers handles various pest control problem, from bugs to rodents. They also have expanded to do yardwork and fertilization and weeding. They also handle palm trees and pine trees and provide preventative maintence for disease control.

PHOTO PROVIDED

Bruce McCullough, sales and marketing director, said he joined the team five years ago after his partner, Greg Grier, started it.

"He used to have a company in Cape Coral and has been in the business since 1977. We graduated high school together in Illinois and he came up to visit and said he could use some help with his new company," McCullough said. "We decided we were done with the snow and came down."

The company handles all kinds of pest control problems and is fully licensed by the state. They also have expanded to do yardwork and fertilization and weeding. They also handle palm trees and pine trees and provide preventative maintence for disease control.

They will also come in case of an emergency, such as bedbugs, which is a big problem at hotels and motels, and rodents at commercial companies.

"It's an offshoot, but we're always looking to add to our services and looking for things that are not ordinary," McCullough said.

Dead & Gone offers special prices for the retirement communities in the area and throughout the year will offer specials such as free inspections and letting them know what they need. They might also offer to do their first treatment for free with a one-year agreement.

McCullough said this is the busiest time of the year for them as all the snowbirds are returning from up north and want services done. While it slows a little in the summer, they still do treatments for those up north as well as its commercial work.

Dead & Gone is open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monday through Saturday and on Sunday in the event of emergency.

For more information, call 599-2507 or visit dngpcfl.com

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Dead & Gone promise: We live up to their name - North Fort Myers Neighbor

A comprehensive study announced by KD Market Insights analyzes and forecasts the Europe Pest Control Market of Europe region. The report provides an analysis of future market trends, key developments, market growth drivers, key players analysis and more market information. It gives grasp about the high demanding Europe region for Pest Control Market. It also includes the factors that drive the growth of the market along with emerging and current opportunities. The competitors strategies for long-term and short-term goals are also a key part of this research methodology.

The Europe pest control market accounted for revenue of $3.8 billion in 2017 and is anticipated to reach $6.2 billion by 2025. This market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 6.1% from 2018 to 2025. Pesticides are chemicals or mixtures of chemicals that are used for the purpose of mitigating pest damage. Pest control is the management of specific species of insects that are recognized as detrimental to human health. House flies, bed bugs, cockroaches, and others tend to reside in places where there are human activities that can lead to serious health issues, thus, pest management has gained significant importance in the recent years.

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The growth of the pest control market is attributed to the factors such as increase in urban population all around the world, which has resulted in significant increase in food sources and conducive living habitats for various pests such as rodents, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. This has resulted in increased demand for pest control management across the world. In addition, rapid migration is being witnessed from rural areas to urban centres, is more prevalent in developing countries of Europe. This has further increased the population density of urban areas, which in turns is anticipated to fuel the demand for pest control products and services.

A rise in concern of consumers from residential and commercial sectors toward maintaining health and hygiene has escalated the adoption of pest control products and services. Moreover, the considerable rise has been witnessed in the prevalence of diseases caused by different kind of pests, hence making it essential to control them. However, health and environmental hazards caused by pesticides, due to their chemical content, is the significant factor anticipated to hamper the market growth during the forecast period.

The Europe pest control market is segmented based on type, pest type, application, and region. Depending on the type, the market is categorized into chemical, mechanical, biological, and others. On the basis of pest type, it is classified into insects, termites, rodents, and others. The applications covered in the study include commercial, residential, agriculture, industrial, and others. Region-wise, the market is analyzed across Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Rest of Europe.

Some of the major players analyzed in this report are BASF SE, Bayer AG, Rentokil Initial plc, Ecolab, Rollins, Inc., FMC Corporation, The ServiceMaster Company, LLC., Syngenta, Dodson Pest Control, Inc., and Lindsey Pest Services. Some of the other players are NBC Environment, Eastern Pest Control, JG Pest Control, Cleankill Pest Control, and others.

KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

The report provides an extensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the current trends and future estimations of the pest control market from 2018 to 2025 to determine the prevailing opportunities A comprehensive analysis of the factors that drive and restrict the growth of the market is provided Estimations and forecast are based on factors impacting the market growth, in terms of value, are provided Profiles of leading players operating in the market are provided to understand the competitive scenario The report provides extensive qualitative insights on the significant segments and regions exhibiting favorable market growth

KEY MARKET SEGMENTS

By Type Chemical Mechanical Biological Others

By Pest type Insects Termites Rodents Others

By Application Commercial Residential Agriculture Industrial Others

By RegionEastern Europe Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Rest of Eastern Europe

Western Europe Germany UK France Italy Spain Austria Switzerland Netherlands Belgium Greece Portugal Ireland Rest of Western Europe Rest of Europe

KEY MARKET PLAYERS BASF SE Bayer AG Rentokil Initial Plc. Ecolab, Rollins, Inc. Anticimex FMC Corporation The ServiceMaster Company, LLC. Syngenta Dodson Pest Control, Inc. Lindsey Pest Services

The other players in the value chain include; NBC Environment Eastern Pest Control JG Pest Control Cleankill Pest Control Others

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Table of contentChapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Report Description1.2. Key Benefits For Stakeholders1.3. Key Market Segments1.4. Research Methodology

1.4.1. Secondary Research1.4.2. Primary Research

1.5. Analyst Tools And Models

Chapter 2: Executive Summary

2.1. Key Findings of The Study2.2. Cxo Perspective

Chapter 3: Market Overview

3.1. Market Definition And Scope3.2. Key Findings

3.2.1. Top Investment Pockets3.2.2. Top Winning Strategies

3.3. PorterS Five Forces Analysis3.4. Top Player Positioning, 20173.5. Market Dynamics

3.5.1. Drivers

3.5.1.1. Changes In Climatic Conditions3.5.1.2. Easy Availability of Pest Control Products And Services3.5.1.3. Presence of Large Number Regulatory Bodies And Leading Pest Control Market Players

3.5.2. Restraint

3.5.2.1. Health Hazards Related To Pest Control Chemicals

3.5.3. Opportunity

3.5.3.1. Consistent Product Development And Product Launches

Chapter 4: Europe Pest Control Market By Type

4.1. Overview

4.1.1. Market Size And Forecast, By Type

4.2. Chemical

4.2.1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, And Opportunities4.2.2. Market Size And Forecast, By Region4.2.3. Market Share Analysis, By Country

4.3. Mechanical

4.3.1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, And Opportunities4.3.2. Market Size And Forecast, By Region4.3.3. Market Share Analysis, By Country

4.4. Biological

4.4.1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, And Opportunities4.4.2. Market Size And Forecast, By Region4.4.3. Market Share Analysis, By Country4.5. Others4.5.1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors, And Opportunities4.5.2. Market Size And Forecast, By Region4.5.3. Market Share Analysis, By CountryContinue.

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Our dedicated in-house team ensures the reports satisfy the requirement of the client. We aim at providing value service to our clients. Our reports are backed by extensive industry coverage and is made sure to give importance to the specific needs of our clients. The main idea is to enable our clients to make an informed decision, by keeping them and ourselves up to date with the latest trends in the market.

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Europe Pest Control Market - is Rise in concern of consumers from residential and commercial sectors towards maintaining health and hygiene - Markets...

BLACKSBURG, Va., Nov. 25, 2019 /PRNewswire/ --Building upon its legacy of innovative solutions for loyal hobbyists and tech lovers, Marineland brand of Spectrum Brands Pet Care is introducing its new line of advanced products to consumers after previewing them at key trade shows earlier this year.

"To meet consumer needs and stay ahead of current trends, Marineland brand is designing aquariums to accent or feature in the room as a home dcor element," said Eric Kenney, Vice President, Marketing at Spectrum Brands Pet Care. "We're introducing new features to help make aquariums do more as fishkeepers grow with the hobby."

In turn, Marineland is introducing several products that feature integrated filtration systems with sleek, new designs, innovative filtration components for ease of maintenance, and connected aquariums that make personalization simple. These new products are available at retailers nationwide this season.

Marineland brand's newest innovations integrate excellent performance with elegant design to stay ahead of trends and, more importantly, meet the needs of aquarists.

"For hobbyists, the excitement is building and customizing their tanks, which can make unique options very appealing to them," Kenney said. "As long as fishkeepers enjoy and embrace modern conveniences, advanced technology and beautiful design like customizable filtration, wireless access and new aquarium style Marineland products will continue to deliver function, personalization and beauty to hobbyists and their homes."

About Marineland

Marineland brand is a leading manufacturer of innovative equipment and environments for consumers wishing to create the ultimate aquatic showcase. Committed to fishkeeping success for over 40 years, the brand is the professional's choice for commercial display systems and scientific research. Marineland products are produced by Spectrum Brands Pet LLC, a leading supplier of products for the specialty pet supplies market and an indirect subsidiary of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. For more information, visit http://www.marineland.com.

About Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc.

Spectrum Brands Holdings, a member of the Russell 1000 Index, is a global and diversified consumer products company and a leading supplier of residential locksets, residential builders' hardware, plumbing, shaving and grooming products, personal care products, small household appliances, specialty pet supplies, lawn and garden and home pest control products, and personal insect repellents. Helping to meet the needs of consumers worldwide, our Company offers a broad portfolio of market-leading, well-known and widely trusted brands including Kwikset, Weiser, Baldwin, National Hardware, Pfister, Remington, Black + Decker, George Foreman, Russell Hobbs, Tetra, Marineland, GloFish, Nature's Miracle, Dingo, 8-in-1, FURminator, IAMS and Eukanuba (Europe only), Healthy-Hide, Digest-eeze, DreamBone, SmartBones, Littermaid, Spectracide, Cutter, Repel, Hot Shot, Black Flag and Liquid Fence. For more information, visit http://www.spectrumbrands.com.

Media Contact:Connie Caldwell, Communications/Creative ServicesSpectrum Brands, Inc. Global Pet Care Divisionconnie.caldwell@spectrumbrands.com | 314-683-2460

Chrissy Faller, Public & Media Relations Director | Anderson Groupcfaller@thinkanderson.com | 610-678-1506

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Marineland Brand of Spectrum Brands Pet Care Builds Excitement With A New, Leading-Edge Lineup of Aquatics Innovations - The Breeze

The study report, labeled Global Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market Report 2025, provides a clear understanding of the subject matter. The report has been gathered using principal and subordinate research methodologies. Both these methods are directed towards cooperating accurate and meticulous data concerning the market dynamics, historical events, and the current market landscape. By using the recent research data, experts could comprehend the idea of the Global Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market development. This industry report investigates the market estimates and figures for all the given sections on global and also regional levels displayed in the research scope.

Top LeadingCompaniesof Global Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market are:

Advanced Integrated Pest Management

IPM Pest Control

SGS SA

MB Integrated Pest Control

Bayer CropScience

Ecolab

IPM Technologies

Integrated Pest Management Solution (IPMS)

AgBiTech

AgriSense-BCS Ltd

AgrichemBio

Laboratorio Agrochem

ATGC Biotech

Atlas Agro

Hercon Environmental Corporation

Russell IPM

SemiosBIO Technologies

Shin-Etsu

Sumi Agro France

Syngenta Bioline

Trc

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The leading players of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) industry, their market share, product portfolio, company profiles are covered in this report. The leading market players are analyzed on the basis of production volume, gross margin, market value, and price structure. The competitive market scenario among Integrated Pest Management (IPM) players will help the industry aspirants in planning their strategies. The statistics offered in this report will be precise and useful guide to shape the business growth.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market Segmentation:

This report segments the global Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market on the basis ofTypesare:

Biological Control

Chemical Control

Employer Cultural Controls

Mechanical and Physical Controls

Other Control Method

On the basis ofApplication, the Global Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market is segmented into:Agriculture

Commercial buildings

Industrial

Residential

Others

Regional Analysis for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market:

For comprehensive understanding of market dynamics, the global Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market is analyzed across key geographies namelyNorth America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, Central & South America. Each of these regions is analyzed on basis of market findings across major countries in these regions for a macro-level understanding of the market.

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-Comprehensive assessment of all opportunities and risk in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market

-Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market recent innovations and major events

-Detailed study of business strategies for growth of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market-leading players.

-Conclusive study about the growth plot of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market for forthcoming years.

-In-depth understanding of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market-particular drivers, constraints and major micro markets.

-Favourable impression inside vital technological and market latest trends striking the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) market.

What our report offers:

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market share assessments for the regional and country level segments

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market share analysis of the top industry players

Strategic recommendations for the new entrants

Market forecasts for a minimum of 7 years of all the mentioned segments, sub segments and the regional markets

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)

Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations

Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends

Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments

Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

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MarketInsightsReportsprovides syndicated market research on industry verticals includingHealthcare, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Technology and Media, Chemicals, Materials, Energy, Heavy Industry, etc.MarketInsightsReportsprovides global and regional market intelligence coverage, a 360-degree market view which includes statistical forecasts, competitive landscape, detailed segmentation, key trends, and strategic recommendations.

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Market Status and Prospect 2019 to 2025 - Daily Research Reporting

Suzanne Greenlaw doesnt like chainsaws. She moves quickly through the chest-high ostrich ferns, frilly leaves heavy with rain, as the orange saw sputters and then chokes. She gets all freaked out, says Gabriel Frey, laughing as he yanks the starting cord again with one heavily muscled arm, the saw whirring to life. Putting the bar to a trunk of shaggy, gray-tinged bark, he begins to cut, the grinding sound of the saw echoing through the damp, green-lit stand.

The felled tree is one of three that Frey and Greenlaw carefully picked out of the woods on the cool, damp July day in far northern Maine. Plenty of logs are hauled out of the forest there, in Aroostook County, which is home to a chunk of the North Maine Woods, a 3.5 million-acre expanse of commercial timberland. But Frey and Greenlaw, and the stand of gray-barked trees, are part of a tradition thats far older than any timber camp or lumber mill. The trees are Fraxinus nigra, commonly known as black ash or brown ash, which have forever been at the hearts of the lives of Maines indigenous tribes.

Greenlaw, a Maliseet forestry scientist working on her PhD at the University of Maine, is at the forefront of the effort to protect the states brown ash. The trees are at risk of being wiped out by the emerald ash borer, an invasive species that has been killing ash trees in North America for the better part of 20 years. With the help of Frey, a renowned Passamaquoddy basket maker, as well as the broader Wabanaki basket-making community, the married couple is fighting to preserve the rich tradition the tree supports.

First pounded with the back of an axe into splints, then carefully shaved and cut into strips, brown ash provides the primary material used to weave baskets among the Wabanaki tribes that live across land that is today Maine and Canadas Maritime provinces. From the utilitarian backpack-like basket made of plain-woven ash to more complexly woven and decorated fancy baskets, theres an extensive tradition of basketry shared by the five Wabanaki tribes (four of which are federally recognized in Maine: Micmac, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot). The importance of these baskets throughout the tribes histories makes the tree what Darren Ranco calls a cultural keystone species. Its very central to the culture, says Ranco, a professor of anthropology at the University of Maine and a member of the Penobscot Indian Nation.

Wabanaki origin stories tell of the mythic hero Glooscap shooting an arrow into a brown ash tree, and the Wabanaki people pouring out into the world from the hole in the trunk. More recently, after Wabanaki tribes were forced off their land under European colonization, basketmaking was a means of both economic independence and resistance to assimilation. Until around the 1960s, the potato farming and fishing industries had an extensive need for baskets used in both harvesting and processing, and fancy baskets were sold to wealthy summer tourists in places like Bar Harbor and Kennebunk. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a full-time basket maker in nearly every Penobscot and Passamaquoddy household, and the craft was passed down through families, helping to maintain both native languages and familial structures. As Ranco says, there arent that many species that have all of these impacts on the culture.

Its a tradition, however, that will soon be forever changed and quite possibly erased altogether as the invasive ash borer arrives in Maine, continuing its destructive spread across thirty states in the Midwest and Northeast, as well as adjoining parts of southern Canada.

Native to northern Asia and eastern Russia, the diminutive, jewel-like borer was first documented in Michigan in 2002, and likely arrived some years earlier after hitching a ride on wooden shipping material. The beetles lay their eggs on the bark of ash trees where, after hatching, larvae will bore their way into the trunk, chewing looping tunnels through the wood before digging out chambers where they will mature into their adult form. Then, adult borers will chew their way back out of the trunk, leaving the host tree threaded with damaging channels. Forest Service research conducted in the Midwest has found that a borer infestation can effectively wipe out an otherwise healthy stand of ash in as little as six years. The borer has already killed tens of millions of ash trees across a swath of the United States and southern Canada, and threatens to destroy as many as 9 billion as it continues to spread far more than the 4 billion American chestnut trees that were decimated by blight in the early 20th century, significantly remaking the ecology of Eastern forests.

Earlier this year, ash borers were found near Madawaska, Maine, less than 100 miles away from the stand where Frey harvested trees.

Despite its outsized cultural significance for Wabanaki tribes, brown ash is not a common tree in Maine, and does not have the same economic value in the timber industry as white ash, which is used in manufacturing baseball bats, axe hafts and other tool handles, flooring and cabinetry, and as firewood. Ash species comprise about 5 percent of Maines hardwood forest overall, and 2 percent or less are brown ash; only about a fifth of those trees are fit for making baskets. With the forest cover in Maine now returned to pre-settlement levels (at 90 percent woods, it is the most forested state in the country) the prospect of finding brown ash among all of the oaks, maples, birches, spruces, cedars, pines, and other trees can be a challenge. But if there is going to be any kind of concerted effort to protect culturally and economically important stands of brown ash, the locations of those trees need to be known in the first place. Greenlaw is developing a tool that will help forestry managers do just that.

As she walks through the ferns alongside the river, dressed in a light, navy blue rain jacket and heavy rubber boots, Greenlaw explains how this stand of brown ash and others like it inform the geographic information systems (GIS) map she is developing. I did a study looking at four locations and did a bunch of measurements: vegetation, canopy, soil, and whatever, she says, in order to try to define in Western-science terms the habitat that results in basket-quality ash. She found that only one factor, soil type, was statistically significant. Brown ash often grows in swamps, but those trees tend to yield wood that is unsuitable for weaving. The well-drained soils of a floodplain are more likely to result in trees that are good for basketry: straight, supple, and relatively free of knots. A fact that, while confirmed by Greenlaws research, was already well-understood by ash harvesters and weavers. Thats why she incorporates a lot more data than just soil type into the tool shes building. I dont use only what is statistically significant in my model. I dont think thats appropriate, Greenlaw says.

It really involves combining Western forestry science with indigenous forestry science. Its not just looking for the tallest tree or finding the most trees in a particular location, says Ranco, who sits on Greenlaws dissertation committee and is part of the Ash Task Force, a group comprised of natural resource managers, basket makers, and forestry scientists working to combat the borer. When we say basket-quality ash that means a very particular thing for the basketmaking community, Ranco says. In addition to the tree itself being relatively straight, the fibers in each growth ring generally need to be smooth and straight in order to yield strips suitable for weaving.

Greenlaw takes a lot of different factors into account as she works to develop a Western-science understanding of where such ash trees grow. Its well understood among ash harvesters that a tree will be brittle if it grows too close to cedar, for example, so she has a layer on her GIS map for hardwood companion species, allowing her to avoid that association on a landscape scale. Layered over Landsat satellite images of hardwood and mixed hardwood forests across Maine, Greenlaw can locate places where these various determining factors soil type, distance to a river, stand age, and flow accumulation (the way water runs downhill) all overlap, pointing to possible locations of basket-quality trees. The tool, which is still being refined, is becoming increasingly effective, but it only helps point the user toward ideal ash habitat, not actual ash. Once, Greenlaw trudged into the woods in search of a new ash stand, and found nothing but red maple.

Its a trial-and-error process in part because thats the nature of research, but also because there isnt much in the scientific literature to build upon. Theres not a whole lot of research for native cultural materials. We have to begin from the beginning, Greenlaw says. Its not like they can go to the Forest Service and say, Can you give me a tool for this sort of cultural knowledge?

There arent any known areas of brown ash on Penobscot land like the stand Greenlaw and Frey visited, at least not according to Russ Roy, the forest manager for the Penobscot Nation. If youre standing there and can see ten good stems, thats a pretty nice spot, he says. Currently, the tribes foresters come across brown ash mostly by chance. We find them when were flagging out a stop line for a harvest of other timber, he says, and well make a note of them. But with 100,000 acres in the tribes trust land, hed like to be more targeted when looking for ash. What soils are we looking at, topography, riparian zones, Roy asks, where should we be looking besides where we are already seeing it?

Knowing where existing stands are located is still guarded within the basketmaking community. Harvesters are protective of ash stands, and there are concerns within the basketmaking community that Greenlaws mapping efforts will make public the closely held locations of trees upon which they rely. Because of those sensitivities, she requests that The Verge not name the river, give specific details about the location of the ash stand, or show the detailed maps that shes working on.

Greenlaw hopes that her tool will narrow the search for brown ash stands for people within the community. The hope is that the tool will help the Penobscot and other tribal forestry departments continue ongoing efforts to bank seeds from basket-quality trees, as well as build an inventory of ash stands so that more direct interventions can be implemented if and when the borers arrive. With more than 300,000 acres of tribal land within Maine, there could very well be brown ash stands out there that are unknown both to harvesters and natural-resource managers. Greenlaw wants the tribes as well as private forestry companies, land trusts, and managers of federal lands like the Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument to know where they have brown ash so they can make informed decisions when the time comes.

Going back to 2002, the primary means of attempting to control the borers spread has been selective harvesting: dense stands of ash are thinned out with the hopes that the borer will not spread between the more isolated trees. That has not proven to be the case. Individual ash can also be girdled to make a so-called trap tree: the bark is removed all the way around the trunk, drawing borers in the vicinity with the promise of exposed sapwood. The tree is then cut and burned while the borers are overwintering inside.

Other control options include introducing a species of parasitic wasps that is native to the ash borers historic range, which could have unintended consequences. Another option is the targeted use of insecticide in high-value trees or stands.

If you found an area that had good quality brown ash, would it make sense to inject it [with insecticide] to keep those trees going? I dont think anyone has come to a definitive answer to that, Roy says. Its a potential option. I dont know if weve gotten to the point where we can say its the option.

When the emerald ash borer was found in far northern Maine, it came as a surprise. The bug needs a clear line of ash trees to move from point A to point B, and it was expected that the borer would first move into southern Maine (where it has now also been documented), which borders already infested portions of New Hampshire. Despite laws against bringing firewood from out of state, and various public education campaigns focused on not moving firewood great distances within Maines borders, its suspected that a cord of ash driven up to camp from some infested area in the south brought the bug to Aroostook County. Quarantines are now in place in both northern and southern Maine to try to slow the ash borers spread, but the insect was recently documented in Portland as well. Its only a matter of time before it spreads throughout the state. With the inevitability of emerald ash borers, some in the basketmaking community are more focused on how to prepare for a future without brown ash.

I harvest twice what I am going to use, says Jeremy Frey, Gabriels brother, who was the first basket maker to ever win best in show at the renowned Santa Fe Indian Market. I do that because I know that we cant stop them. Jeremy believes that brown ash will be gone in 15 years, and he hopes that hell have stockpiled as much as a decades worth of material by then.

Its thousands of years of native technology gone gone, Jeremy says of the threat. The prospect of losing everything that brown ash represents makes him upset and depressed, even if he knows that as an individual artist, he will continue to make his work with one material or another.

A recent exhibition at the Abbe Museum in Bar Harbor, Maine, which specializes in Wabanaki art, highlighted both ash conservation efforts and alternative materials basket makers are exploring. The show, which Ranco helped curate, featured baskets made with felted wool, silk, newspaper, and plastic.

Jeremy showed work at a Santa Fe gallery during the Indian Market this summer, where he sold a piece made half with ash and half with birch bark a style, he says, thats designed to introduce his collectors to a new material that will invariably feature more heavily in his work. By the time the ash is gone, he says, Ill have two lines: one with ash, and one without.

The woods alongside the river in Aroostook County are punctuated with the slowly decomposing tops of felled trees that were previously harvested for basketmaking. Above roughly the eight-foot mark, where the trunk of an immature brown ash opens into the crown, the wood is too knotty to use for basketmaking. Its the kind of ingrained practice that looks odd, if not wasteful, to outsiders, but is part of the indigenous knowledge base that has helped maintain the stand for generations.

Youll see them all through here. Youll see like mature ash, younger ash, Gabriel says, pointing out trees of varied thickness. Im checking this one, he says, notching a promising-looking trunk with two sharp hits of a hatchet, the small wedge of wood revealing the growth rings inside. The bone-white strips that Gabriel uses to make his refined, leather-accented pack baskets each represent a years worth of growth. My history with this stand is that it has really thick rings, generally, he says, pointing out the width with the hatchets edge.

Gabriels baskets which his grandfather, a carpenter, taught him to make have begun to earn a similar degree of recognition to Jeremys. This year, he was picked as a United States Artist fellow in traditional arts, which comes with a $50,000 award, and he also earned a second-place ribbon in the basketry category at Santa Fe. Although he still has a day job working as a massage therapist, his career as an artist is ascending, even as the ash borer looms.

He sees himself as a carrier of culture, making his grandfathers baskets, Jeremy says of his brothers work. He does add a contemporary feel to it, but the base skeleton to it is our family tradition that goes back thousands of years.

Watching him inspect, notch, and fell the trees, which he then carries out of the woods and up a steep, muddy embankment on his shoulder, its easy to understand why, for Gabriel, basketmaking and brown ash are inseparable. The baskets arent just a reflection of the brown ash and its unique properties, but of the places where it grows, and the culture that has both developed from brown ash and is determined to protect it. Frey feels he cannot weave without them.

Greenlaw recently won a $10,000 grant from the Forest Service (with cost-sharing through the Bureau of Indian Affairs) to run her model on tribal land across Maine. In doing so, she will be working with natural resource managers from the tribes, the basketmaking and harvester communities (not all basket makers cut and process their own ash like the Frey brothers do), as well as Wabanaki high school students.

First, Greenlaw will run her model, and check what it finds against the expertise of those in the community who know where ash is harvested. After cross-referencing the scientific data with the indigenous knowledge and getting the best sense of where basket-quality trees may be found, it will be time to go into the woods to inventory trees with the help of the native students.

Then, when the time comes, it will be up to the tribes to decide how to protect the trees. They will be able to make informed decisions when supplied with a better understanding of how much basket-quality ash they have, as well as resources like a field manual for ash inventory and protection developed by Tyler Everett, a masters degree candidate at University of Maine.

If foresters say, We dont have a whole lot of brown ash, I dont put a lot of stock in that because they arent in areas where brown ash grows, Greenlaw says. High-value timber species are generally found in upland habitats, away from the floodplains and moving water where basket trees thrive. Basket makers, Greenlaw says, dont use a whole lot of materials to get what we need. Its not like we clear out a whole stand. Once you know where a good stand is, you can cut it one year and then come back in a few years and cut again. Its not one and done.

Every ash tree in Maine cannot be saved from the borer. Instead, Greenlaw is trying to give basket trees a fighting chance to survive so that basket makers can continue to come back to places like the banks of the river we visited and cut again.

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How the Emerald Ash Borer is threatening a Native-American tradition - The Verge