Global Insect Growth Regulator Marketwas valued US$ 786.3 Mn. in 2019 and is estimated to grow at CAGR of 6.46 %, to reach US$ 1297.3 Mn. during the forecast period from 2020 to 2027.

The report study has analyzed the revenue impact of COVID -19 pandemic on the sales revenue of market leaders, market followers, and market disrupters in the report, and the same is reflected in our analysis.

Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) are substances that mimic the growth of insects and usually used as insecticides that prevent the reproduction cycle of pests including mosquitos, cockroaches, and fleas.

The most widely used IGR by Pest Control Operators (PCO) are Methoprene, Pyriproxifen, Nylar, and Hydroprene.The report covers worldwide Insect Growth Regulator Market size in value and volume with market dynamics by region and covers the detailed evaluation of the trends opportunities and challenges affecting the market analyzed in the report.

Widening application of insecticides in the commercial sector and rise in integrated pest management is the major factor boosting the growth of the Insect Growth Regulators Market. Moreover, the growing adoption of the safer crop for environmental protection and the rise in awareness concerning the harmful effects of insecticides on the environment boom the growth of the global IGRs market over the forecast. The IGRs are available in several forms and the products are widely used in horticultural crops, turf & ornamentals, field crops, and others. Furthermore, shifting trend towards organic farming practices over traditional in emerging economies is further fuelling the lucrative growth during the forecast period.

However, stringent regulation of pesticides over the Low Maximum Residual Limits and disposal of chemically treated products in waterborne are factors hindering the growth of the global Insect Growth Regulator market.

The chitin synthesis inhibitors by type, in 2019 is estimated to hold the largest market share.

By Type, the chitin synthesis inhibitors held 40 % of market share in 2019 and is registered to gain XX% growth by coming forecast. Noviflumuron, diflubenzuron, and Lufenuron are the most commonly used CSI. Chitin synthesis inhibitors work by inhibiting the process of chitin and formation of an exoskeleton. Apart from insects, Chitin synthesis inhibitors are used to control the growth of fungal species and are widely used to mimic fleas that host on cattle and pets.

The liquid segment by form, in 2019 is witnessed to hold the largest market share

Liquid IGRs witness staggered growth over the next seven years from both commercial and residential pest control sector due to high performance in case of severe infestations. Liquid IGRs are also extensively used due to low cost and effective control.

An aerosol is also expected to account for significant growth over the forecast period as it is easy in application due to canister packaging than any other form such as bait or liquid. However, Aerosol is a threat to explosion and is expensive in comparison to other forms of insect growth regulators.

The report covers competitive analysis of the Insect Growth Regulator Market in each of the geographical segments, thereby, providing insight into a market share of the countries.

The report brings into light the comparative analysis of the Insect Growth Regulator Market during the period 2019-2027 in by form segment.

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The North Americans market is projected to have the highest CAGR from 2019 to 2027

Region-wise, North Americans dominated the global Insect Growth Regulator market with xx% of market share in 2019 and is expected to keep its dominance over the forecast period. The demand is majorly contributing due to the growing adoption of organic farming and safer alternative which are eco-friendly. Furthermore, living standards, as well as innovative packaging and product innovations, propel the product demand.

Europe is also attracting significant growth due to the presence of prominent players, development in technology rise in epidemics.

Asia-Pacific is anticipated to show the highest CAGR due to the growing agricultural sector and rising awareness about alternative crop protection methods. The shifting trends towards organic farming practices in developing countries such as India, China and the use of generic products owing to low price plays a major role in augmenting the demand-supply in these sectors.

The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the Global Insect Growth Regulator Market including all the stakeholders of the industry. The past and current status of the industry with forecasted market size and trends are presented in the report with the analysis of complicated data in simple language. The report covers all the aspects of the industry with a dedicated study of key players that includes market leaders, followers, and new entrants. PORTER, SVOR, PESTEL analysis with the potential impact of micro-economic factors of the market has been presented in the report. External as well as internal factors that are supposed to affect the business positively or negatively have been analyzed, which will give a clear futuristic view of the industry to the decision-makers.

In December 2018, Bayer achieved pre-qualification by WHO for Fludora Fusion combating malaria-causing mosquitoes. In April 2019, Syngenta proclaimed that their new insect growth regulators have a unique mode of action to adhere to malarial vectors and are under the primary phase.

The report also helps in understanding Global Insect Growth Regulator Market dynamics, structure by analyzing the market segments and projects the Global Insect Growth Regulator Market size. Clear representation of competitive analysis of key players By Pathogen Type, price, financial position, Product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Global Insect Growth Regulator Market make the report investors guide.

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Scope of the Global Insect Growth Regulator Market:

Global Insect Growth Regulator Market, By Type

Anti-Juvenile Hormone Agents Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors Ecdysone Agonists Ecdysone Antagonists Juvenile Hormone Analogs & MimicsGlobal Insect Growth Regulator Market, By Form

Aerosol Bait LiquidGlobal Insect Growth Regulator Market, By Application

Agricultural Applications Commercial Pest Control Livestock Pest Residential OtherGlobal Insect Growth Regulator Market, By Region

North America Europe Asia Pacific The Middle East and Africa Latin AmericaGlobal Insect Growth Regulator Market, key Players

Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited McLaughlin Gormley King Company Russell IPM Bayer Cropscience AG DOW Chemical Company ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd Nufarm Limited HELM AGRO US, Inc. Dow AgroSciences LLC Syngenta AG OHP, Inc. Valent U.S.A LLC Nufarm Limited Control Solutions Central Life Sciences Bayer Cropscience AG DOW Chemical Company

MAJOR TOC OF THE REPORT

Chapter One: Insect Growth Regulator Market Overview

Chapter Two: Manufacturers Profiles

Chapter Three: Global Insect Growth Regulator Market Competition, by Players

Chapter Four: Global Insect Growth Regulator Market Size by Regions

Chapter Five: North America Insect Growth Regulator Revenue by Countries

Chapter Six: Europe Insect Growth Regulator Revenue by Countries

Chapter Seven: Asia-Pacific Insect Growth Regulator Revenue by Countries

Chapter Eight: South America Insect Growth Regulator Revenue by Countries

Chapter Nine: Middle East and Africa Revenue Insect Growth Regulator by Countries

Chapter Ten: Global Insect Growth Regulator Market Segment by Type

Chapter Eleven: Global Insect Growth Regulator Market Segment by Application

Chapter Twelve: Global Insect Growth Regulator Market Size Forecast (2019-2026)

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Global Insect Growth Regulator Market-Global Industry Analysis and Forecast (2020-2027) By Type, By Form, Application, and Region. - Canaan Mountain...

Growers and PCAs can save time scouting by viewing images of daily automatic pest traps from the Semios web app. Growers and PCAs can even set alerts to be notified when a certain trap catch threshold is met.Images courtesy of Semios

If you really want to understand the value of automatic, or intelligent, pest traps, Allen Fetters says you should consider how it goes today for the average nut grower.

Say the grower gets a Thursday trap count from his pest control adviser showing a lot of pests were caught, says Fetters, the Principal at AGceleration, a consulting service in Bakersfield, CA, specializing in agricultural technology and innovations.

But those pests in the trap did I catch them Wednesday night, or was it last Friday? If it was last Friday, you could be seven days behind when most moths were caught in the trap, he says. Having that knowledge of just when those moths were coming in is critical in making pesticide applications.

Real-time knowledge and awareness of whats happening in your orchard is critical, and with the typical, manual trapping system youre getting that information just weekly. With automatic trapping, youre getting it every day or even more often if you really want it so it helps enable you to finely tune when that peak flight will occur so you can properly time your insect applications.

Remote sensing of pests really comes into play in knowing when the pest flight is occurring, says Fetters. Especially in utilizing IPM (integrated pest management), because with softer chemistries, timing is much more critical, and this allows you to get the right timing. Youre going to need solutions like this to hone in on how much you really need to spray.

Fetters says automatic traps are particularly valuable on lepidopteran pests, such as navel orangeworm (NOW), a top pest of almonds and pistachios. Codling moth is also such a moth pest, and automatic traps are used to great effect by Washington apple growers. However, while codling moth is a big pest in walnuts, automatic traps are not yet as effective because of the size of the trees.

In walnuts, telemetry is the biggest issue, because the canopies are so large and dense it is tough to get signal out, he says. We have tried going below the canopy, and that works relatively well. But its just tougher to deploy in walnuts than it is in almonds or pistachios and some other crops.

Automatic traps appear similar to standard delta and wing traps, and also include pheromone attractants, but they are outfitted with cameras and GPS (global positioning systems), along with various sensors, depending on the manufacturer. There are basically three such companies involved: DTN, Trapview, and Semios.

The company refers to its automatic trap as the Smart Trap, says Ken Schweickert, DTN Smart Trap Product Manager. The Smart Trap was originally developed by Spensa Technologies, which DTN acquired in 2018, and originated as a research project at Purdue University.

It started with a USDA grant designed to automate agriculture, so it started as a labor saver, he says. But growers soon had another idea that it would make them better farmers.

Schweickert says automatic traps do that by enabling growers to make more precise decisions. Getting a daily pest count which isnt practical with a manual system, at least on a commercial scale is absolutely critical in order to better time sprays.

It may even save you a spray, but timing sprays to improve efficacy for better yield is the big one.

The grower can simply whip out his phone and see not only how many insects arrived during a given period but also pictures of them. He can also graph the results over time.

The DTN Platform has other functionalities, a suite of services that you can upgrade to, from geotagging scouting trips to accessing phenology models, and is marketed on a subscription model.

Trapview was founded in 2009 in Slovenia. Allen Schoneman, General Manager, Trapview North America says, and now Trapview can be used on 50-plus pests in more than 30 countries. The key advantage is the advanced notice it provides growers as to when a pest will peak, because most pesticides are simply applied at the wrong time.

On average, pesticides are only 10% effective; they are sprayed too late or too early, Schoneman says. Our system helps you time that better and save money because you only spray when you really need it. Also, perhaps you dont need to spray the whole area, maybe only one of four fields or only the north quadrant of one particular field.

In addition, the nature of pesticides has changed as they have become softer on the environment, meaning growers have to be even more precise in their applications, Schoneman says.

One advantage of Trapview is they employ a self-cleaning trap, adding a motor and large roll of sticky paper and take-up roll. Instead of changing a sticky trap manually every week a lot of big moths, such as NOW, can fill a trap in a couple of days, sometimes even hours if it looks full on camera, you can just remotely advance it.

Trapview provides complete predictive analytics, including forecast of adult pest populations and pest development stages. Were not only into advanced pest monitoring, but also a pest forecasting platform enabling significant savings and increased profits due to making better decisions about plant protection product applications, he says.

Semios took a different approach to automatic trapping, says the companys Director of Sales and Marketing, James Watson, in that the company incorporated it into its variable rate mating disruption system.

Our philosophy is the climate inside that orchard is what drives that insect behavior, so weather stations, traps, everything must be connected, he says. We make decisions on pheromone release based on the trap catch and, most importantly, degree days directly from within the orchard we use trap data to confirm pheromone release schedules and the growers PCA can use it for recommendations.

Semios has the largest deployment of traps globally, with a total of 8,000 network traps which have taken 5 million images since 2015, counting 530,000 insects in that time. But Watson says generic, multi-species trapping just tells you what pests are in the area so their approach is to have a trap dedicated to a specific pest, such as NOW, so you can track flight phenology. Then they take that data and collaborate with the grower/PCA for things like spray timing.

If you can profile the flight information and match it with the progress of the crop, like almond hull split, you can better time applications and possibly save money or reduce damage, he says. We do it all, including installation and lure/liner changes, as well as track everything remotely; were trying to offset the impact on labor because we frequently hear that is a growers biggest problem.

For almond and pistachio growers, Watson says Semios has assembled the biggest, most comprehensive database on NOW of any company. So the PCA and the grower theyre working with have the best information in real time, to make the best decision, and its all automated, he says. Trapping is just one piece of a much bigger puzzle.

David Eddy is the editor of Meister Media Worldwide'sAmerican Fruit Grower andWestern Fruit Grower magazines. See all author stories here.

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Advantages of Smart Pest Traps in Your Nut Orchard - Growing Produce

Global Building Maintenance Services Market: Introduction

A business intelligent report on Global Building Maintenance Services Market examines the holistic performance and overall growth outlook of the market, with specific details on market size and dimensions, allowing readers to comprehend the value and volume-based performance of the market.

Various fringes of the market have been assessed in great detail in the following sections of the report such as competition profiles, highlighting frontline players as well as geographical developments that render crucial cues on market performance post a systematic assessment of multiple market angles and dimensions. The report recently added to the humongous data archive is an ideal tool to identify prevalent market challenges as well as growth stimuli that are core for growth stimulation.

The study encompasses profiles of major companies operating in the Building Maintenance Services Market. Key players profiled in the report include:

SodexoCompass GroupCBREISSCushman & WakefieldBMS Building Maintenance ServiceAssociated Building Maintenance CoGeneral Building Maintenance24/7 Building Maintenance IncMillennium Building ServicesPacific Maintenance CompanyAble ServicesNational Facilities ServicesBay Area Green Building Maintenance ServicesEnvironment ControlEMCOR GroupTru-Serve Building MaintenanceSulekhaRamco Building MaintenanceCBM Commercial Building Maintenance CorpSpectrum Building Maintenance Company

The report is a high end market analytical element that allows readers to understand growth and performance of the global Building Maintenance Services market on the basis of various dynamics and growth outlook across historical and current timelines that play crucial roles in making apt forecast and growth predictions concerning global Building Maintenance Services market.

Manufacturing Landscape: Elaborate portfolios of various local, regional, and global vendors and manufacturers inclusive of SWOT analysis, capacity and product catalog and capacity, and other vital details that remain important constituents of the market.

Executive Summary: This particular section of the report lends appropriate to focus on various factors such as growth rate, optimum drivers and restraints, competitors as well as trends that define the competition outline.

This elaborate business intelligence report exploring various facets of the global Building Maintenance Services market also helps reader comprehension with illustrative details on segment evaluation based on which the report classifies product and service based application as core segment-wise dimensions. Details on further sub-segments have also been widely discussed in the report.

Regional Outlook: Further in the report, discussions on other relevant factors such as revenue generation traits, lead players, thorough detailing of production and consumption ratios and the like have also been included in the report to encourage unfaltering business moves and investment discretion that secures healthy growth trail in the global Building Maintenance Services market.

Market Segmentation by Product and Service Type: This section of the report majorly includes decisive understanding on multiple investment potential and vendor activities, inclusive of promotional spending that are crucial for quality enhancement

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Segment-wise AssessmentVital market relevant information encompassing details on Building Maintenance Services market have been sourced across myriad source hubs to draw logical conclusions. For maximum reader ease and seamless comprehension, report offerings have been classified and arranged in the form of graphs, charts and tabular format to induce mindful decision making in the competitive landscape.

By the product type, the market is primarily split into

LandscapingInterior Building CleaningPest ControlExterior Building CleaningStreet And Parking Lot Cleaning and MaintenanceSwimming Pool CleaningOthers

By the end-users/application, this report covers the following segments

Residential BuildingCommercial BuildingPublic Building

Global Building Maintenance Services Market: Regional AnalysisThis section of the report also lends veritable insights and workable cues on region specific progresses as well as country-based advances encompassing product and service portfolio developments. Key focus of the report includes details specific to Europe, North America, APAC, MEA and South America.

The key regions covered in the Building Maintenance Services market report are:North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)South America (Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, and many others.)Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain, etc.)Asia (China, India, Russia, and many other Asian nations.)Pacific region (Indonesia, Japan, and many other Pacific nations.)Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and many others.)

Application-based Segmentation: This particular report section emphasizes majorly upon various market related applications and functionalities that induce end-user initiatives towards product enhancement. BY application, the market clearly identifies end-user preferences that closely direct application based alterations.

Scope of the ReportThe discussed Building Maintenance Services market has been valued at xx million US dollars in 2020 and is further projected to grow at xx million US dollars through the forecast span till 2026, growing at a CAGR of xx% through the forecast period.

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Report Offerings in a Gist The report offers a survey of all the prominent segments and sub-segments, assessing their growth likelihood in the future by closely following market dynamics and their implications. The report also shares a thorough guide and run-down depicting crucial drivers, restraints, threats and challenges affecting growth An in-depth understanding on several untapped opportunities and growth propellants have also been underpinned in the report to encourage revenue maximization Innate details featuring competition terrain and a dashboard representation of growth proficient business strategies and commercial agreements have been presented with ample dexterity to render an unbiased understanding amongst manufacturers. The report focuses extensively in revealing detailed regional overview and therefore outlines specific geographical hotspots that serve as ideal growth beds in global Building Maintenance Services market.

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Global Building Maintenance Services Market Expected to reach highest CAGR in forecast period :Sodexo, Compass Group, CBRE, ISS, Cushman &...

Terminix(Photo: Terminix)

Stung by Alabama lawsuits over its business practices, Terminix Global HoldingsInc. has reached an agreement with Alabama's attorney general settling a dispute over treatmentforFormosan termites.

Memphis-based Terminix announced the agreement Thursday, reporting the settlement would result in a $7 million third-quarter loss.

The deal requires the company set up a $25 million fund to manage customer remediation measures and settle future termite damage claims disputes, and to pay the Alabama attorney general's office $19 million.

Alabama's Department of Agriculture and Industries last year investigated more than 416 consumer complaints leveled at various pest control firms, Mobile television station WPMI reported, noting complaints increased after Terminix raised its prices. In December, Terminix lost a $2 million lawsuit brought by a Mobile homeowner who contended Terminix in spite of a pest control contract failed totreatthe house for termites.

On Thursday, Terminix Global disclosedfuture termite damage claim expenses "above historical norms" will range from$140 million to $150 million through2029.

"A state-sponsored, non-litigated avenue more quickly resolves damage claim disputes, which will provide immediate benefits to our impacted customers and reduce future litigated claims,"Tony DiLucente, Terminix Global chief financial officer, said in a statement released by the company.

In Alabamaon Thursday, officials lauded the deal as relief for consumers defrauded by Terminix. The capitalcity newspaper Montgomery Advertiser quoted the attorney general, SteveMarshall, saying:"This is a historic day. Ahistoric settlement, not only as to the recovery that will take place but more importantly as to the scope of the fraud that we found with Terminix and what it did for consumers across the state."

In Mobile, Ashley Rich, the county district attorney, said Terminix targeted customers in lifetime contracts but sometimes doubled, tripled and quadrupled rates over time, the Montgomery newspaper reported, adding that "customers who were the subject of those price increases will see a refund, and anyone who left the company as a result of the change will receive $650 or be paid the difference."

The third-quarter profit report was the firstissued by Terminix Global since the former ServiceMaster Global Holdings Inc. was split in October into two standalone companies ServiceMaster Brands and Terminix Global.

For the quarter, Terminix Global sales revenue rose 10%to $512 million, compared to $465 million in the same period last year, while after-tax income plunged to the$7 million loss from a $25 million profit a year earlier. The loss was driven by costs associated with the Mobile Bay settlement agreement, the company said, reportinga charge of $49 million and "a reduction intermite renewal revenue of $3 million related to the execution of the settlement."

Brett Ponton(Photo: AP)

Brett Ponton, recently hired as Terminix Global chief executive officer, issued a positive statement Thursday, saying future revenue and profits are expected to exceed forecasts made earlier in the year as the pandemic set in.

"After an eventful first 50 days on the job," Ponton said in a statement released by the company, "I am encouraged by the momentum we have as we continue our progress toward consistent, sustainable growth and profits. Strong residential revenue growth and profit margin improvement continue to provide considerable operating momentum to the underlying Terminix business.

More business news: FedEx claims it overpaid $89 million in taxes, wants refund in lawsuit vs. US government

"Progress on initiatives to improve teammate and customer retention are driving productivity improvements that are increasing profits," Ponton said. "The commercial business improved sequentially in the third quarter but remains behind the prior year as economic uncertainty from the pandemic lingers. We were also able to negotiate a favorable Formosan termite settlement in the Mobile Bay area that will improve the predictability of our results by reducing our future exposure to termite damage claims."

Following the disclosure of the Alabama settlement agreement, traders pushed Terminix Global's stock price higher Thursday morning. Shares traded at $48.90 near mid morning, up 69 cents from Wednesday's close.

Terminix Global said its services employ 10,500 workers handling 2.8 million customers in 24 countries and territories.

Kirsten Fiscus of theMontgomery Advertiser contributed to this report.

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Terminix hit by loss as it reaches deal to handle wave of consumer complaints in Alabama - Commercial Appeal

Cardon Ellis from Unipest Pest Control in Santa Clarita provides knowledge on how to properly and effectively de-web in all possible areas from spiders.

He points out that when homeowners start de-webbing to be very thorough and touch all corners of the web location. Theres a daddy long legs and the cellar sliders and everything put up high. You got to constantly be looking down low for webs, Ellis said.

Ellis wants people to make sure they are bending or on their knees to effectively remove the webs.

The most effective way to de-web isnt just to hit itthe most effective way to de-web is to actually go up in the corner where you see the webs, and then slowly spin the de-weber pole, Ellis said. You get rid of the webs that way so it wisps out the web instead of just matting it on to the onto the surface of the structure.

The de-web poles are up to 12 feet long so if you the person does not want to crawl, they can extend their pole. Having a second pair of eyes is helpful to make sure that the person eliminates all spider webs.

If homeowners have waterspouts, then they will need to make sure to check those areas since spiders like the bottom area. Patio furniture is another popular area that webs tend to form underneath. Make sure to tilt the furniture to have better access to remove the web since black widows like to hang around that area.

Related Defeat Bed Bugs With Eco-Friendly And Organic Heat Treatment

Kids toys are another popular place for spiders to form webs. Black widows really like this type of plastic, Ellis said. Once everything is done double check all the areas that have been de-webbed.

Remember to effectivity locate the webs so when it comes to small pots or pallets move things around to use the de-weber. If you have another person to help you, there job is to spray they areas that the person de-webbed.

Ellis recommends to wear goggles during the summertime because homes pile up with dust during that time of year. The dust from the home can get in your face especially if youre twisting and doing this properly, Ellis said. Gloves are not required for de-webbing.

Santa Claritas Unipest Pest Control is the best in SCV. Call today for a free inspection: 661-284-7575.

For professional assistance and care, contact Unipest by going tohttps://www.unipest.com/

The Santa Clarita pest control companyUnipestis the premiere residential and commercial pest control company for Los Angeles County. If youre looking for pest control in Santa Clarita or surrounding areas, Unipest prides itself on being your one-stop solution, and offers orange oil treatments, bee hive removal, fumigation, escrow inspections, removal of bed bugs, organic pest control and more. Unipest offers termite control in Santa Clarita as well. Residents and business owners looking for pest control near me or termite control near me are encouraged to call Unipest for immediate assistance.

Unipest

(661) BUG-7575

(661) 284-7575

KHTS FM 98.1 and AM 1220 is Santa Claritas only local radio station. KHTS mixes in a combination of news, traffic, sports, and features along with your favorite adult contemporary hits. Santa Clarita news and features are delivered throughout the day over our airwaves, on our website and through a variety of social media platforms. Our KHTS national award-winning daily news briefs are now read daily by 34,000+ residents. A vibrant member of the Santa Clarita community, the KHTS broadcast signal reaches all of the Santa Clarita Valley and parts of the high desert communities located in the Antelope Valley. The station streams its talk shows over the web, reaching a potentially worldwide audience. Follow @KHTSRadio on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

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Pest Control Expert Provides Tips On How To De-Web Thorough And Effectively - KHTS Radio

Global Chemical Pest Control Market Will Witness Unpredictable Growth During The Forecast Period

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Global Chemical Pest Control Market Research Report Covers (COVID-19 Analysis) Industry Research, Drivers, Top Trends, Global Analysis And Forecast...

marketresearchhub has published a research report on the Insect Pest Control market. The report covers comprehensive data on emerging trends, market drivers, growth opportunities, and restraints that can change the market dynamics of the report. It provides an in-depth analysis of the Insect Pest Control market segments which include products, applications, and end-user applications.

This report also includes a complete analysis of industry players that cover their latest developments, product portfolio, pricing, mergers, acquisitions, and collaborations. Moreover, it provides crucial strategies that are helping them to expand their market share. The Global Insect Pest Control Market research report is prepared by implying robust research methodology and including Porters Five Forces analysis to provide the complex matrix of the market.

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Key Highlights of the Report

The Insect Pest Control market report covers the comprehensive analysis from the period of 2020-2026. It also provides the historic data of the market that has impacted positively or negatively to the market growth.

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Top-winning market strategies and vital product offerings from the industry players.

A neutral perspective on the Insect Pest Control market.

The broad analysis of the emerging trends in the market that helps to identify new market avenues and lucrative opportunities. Moreover, it aids in identifying product segments to maximize revenue and expand the market share.

This report highlights the market propellants, challenges, and threats in the market.

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Market Segmentation Covered in the report.

Segment by Type, the Insect Pest Control market is segmented intoChemical ControlPhysical ControlBiological ControlOther

Segment by Application, the Insect Pest Control market is segmented intoCommercial & industrialResidentialLivestock farmsOthers

The market research report is classified into the types of products and is analyzed in a detailed manner. Moreover, it includes potential future products that are expected to open new market avenues and can change the dynamics of the market. Each product type is analyzed on the basis of their developments, growth, and threats in the different regions.

This report covers all the applications of the afore-mentioned products and also provides information on the potential applications in the foreseeable future. The dedicated research team has to look into all possible parameters and analyzed the applications that drive the growth of the market.

By Region

North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)

Asia Pacific (India, China, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, Rest of Asia Pacific)

Europe (Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Central & Eastern Europe, Rest of Europe)

Middle East & Africa (GCC, Turkey, Rest of the Middle East & Africa)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)

One country of interest can be added with no additional cost on the report. Moreover, if more than one needs to be added, the regional segment quote may vary. In this report, the questions such as which country/region is expected to witness a steep rise in CAGR & year-on-year (Y-o-Y) are also covered.

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The major vendors covered:BASFBayerFMCSyngentaSumitomo ChemicalAdamaRentokil InitialEcolabRollinsTerminixArrow ExterminatorsEnsystex

Note: Additional companies can be profiled in the report.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the report

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Yes. The market research report covers the detailed analysis of COVID-19 impact on the market. Our research team has been monitoring the market closely while it has been conducting interviews with the industry experts to get better insights on the present and future implications of the COVID-19 virus on the market.

The market report provides vital information on the strategies deployed by industry players during the COVID-19 crisis to maintain their position in the market. Along with this, it also shares crucial data on product developments due to the inevitable pandemic across the globe.

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Yes, the market report can be further segmented on the basis of data availability and feasibility. We can provide a further breakdown in product types and applications (if applicable) by size, volume, or revenue. In the market segmentation part, the latest product developments and customer behavior insights are also included to give an in-depth analysis of the market.

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Research report covers the Insect Pest Control Market share and Growth, 2020-2025 - TechnoWeekly

Global Inspect Pest Control Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2026 carries out an extensive market analysis covering market aspects like market trends, growth drivers, constraints, and challenges existing in the market. The report aims to define, describe, and forecast the global Inspect Pest Control market in terms of type, application, and region. The report offers an industry-wide competitive analysis, market segments analysis, individual market share of leading players, and the contemporary market scenario. The most vital elements necessary for analyzing this market are included in the report. The key regions (countries) promising a huge market share for the forecast period are covered in the report. The report gives a precise analysis of market size, trends, share, production, and futuristic developments trends, and present and future market status, and forecast, the outlook from 2020 to 2026.

Market Analysis:

The report explores key regions market potential and advantages, opportunities and challenges, restraints, and risks that key players facing in this industry. The report covers the prominent players in the global Inspect Pest Control market with detailed SWOT analysis, financial overview, and key developments. Other information like company profiles, product picture, and specifications, sales revenue, price, gross margin, market share has also been included. The market report is extensively categorized into different product types, applications, player, and regions. The segmentation included in the report is beneficial for readers to capitalize on the selection of appropriate segments for this sector.

NOTE: Our report highlights the major issues and hazards that companies might come across due to the unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19.

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Essential vendors involved in this report are: Bayer, Adama, Rollins, FMC, Ecolab, Arrow Exterminators, BASF, Ensystex, Terminix, Syngenta, Sumitomo Chemical, Rentokil Initial, BizLink, Amphenol, Nexans, Hansen, Kintronic Laboratories, Belden

In terms of geography, the global Inspect Pest Control market includes regions such as North America (United States, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.), Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

With the list of tables and figures, the report provides key statistics on the condition of the business. The research covers the business overview, market segment, upstream, downstream analysis. The report sheds light on the recent developments and innovations in the market as well as several strategies such as the PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis. The study report covers all the geographical regions where the competitive landscape exists. Thus global Inspect Pest Control market report helps to identify the key growth countries and regions.

Based on type, the market has been segmented into: Physical Control Methods, Chemical Control Methods, Biological Control Methods, Other Control Methods

Based on application, the market has been segmented into: Livestock Farms, Commercial & Industrial, Residential, Other Applications

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Global Inspect Pest Control Market Research with COVID-19 After Effects - The Think Curiouser

INTRODUCTION

Decades of experiments have revealed that biodiversity of primary producers is crucial for providing and maintaining ecosystem functions and services in planted and natural grasslands (13), which are increasingly critical as humans expand and intensify agriculture to feed our growing population (4, 5). Although biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research has mainly focused on the relationship between primary producer diversity and biomass production, evidence is mounting for the influence of plant diversity on higher trophic levels (6) and multiple associated ecosystem functions and services (2, 710). In light of global findings that terrestrial insect biomass may be in decline (11), it is imperative that mechanisms underlying changes in insect biodiversity and the services they provide are identified. An improved understanding of these mechanisms will enable more accurate forecasting of changes in insect-mediated ecosystem services, such as the natural control of herbivore pests (6, 12).

Earlier studies found that plant diversity increases arthropod biomass with particularly strong effects on predator numbers (10), suggesting that plant diversity may support predator abundance, increasing predation on herbivores and reducing herbivory on plants. Recent analyses of complex food web models have also lent support to these conclusions by showing that increasing animal diversity and biomass yields higher plant primary production (13). Conversely, other experimental studies have found evidence for a stronger positive effect of plant diversity on arthropod herbivores compared with their predators (8, 14), leading to potential increases in herbivory in high-diversity plant communities (15). Reconciling these findingsdisentangling the effects of plant quantity and quality (bottom-up) from those of predators (top-down) that simultaneously act on herbivores and determining the true, generalizable role of plant diversity in constraining herbivore impacts on plant biomass productionrequires a unified measure of total herbivore impacts across manipulative plant diversity experiments.

Recent findings suggest that the positive effects of plant quality and quantity on herbivore energy gains may decline from low- to high-diversity plant communities due to the dilution of high-quality resources with increased nutrient heterogeneity (6). These results are consistent with the resource concentration hypothesis (16), which proposes that trophic efficiency decreases as resource diversity increases (17). However, plant diversity likely constrains herbivore performance by means other than just the dilution of nutrient concentrations, as predation rates have also been shown to increase at high levels of plant diversity (18, 19). This process is described by the enemies hypothesis (16), which proposes that higher plant species diversity will provide greater refuge for predators [e.g., (20)], leading to greater suppression of herbivores via top-down control (19). Given that both bottom-up and top-down forces operate simultaneously, increasing plant diversity likely reduces herbivore impacts on plants through these simultaneous multitrophic controls in food webs. Together, these processes yield four central predictions around the multitrophic control of herbivory in arthropod food webs. With increasing plant diversity, herbivores will experience (i) reduced per capita energetic gains from plants (Fig. 1A) and (ii) enhanced per capita predation rates (Fig. 1A) and will therefore face (iii) increasing net losses due to these simultaneous shifts in resources and predation with increasing plant diversity (Fig. 1A). Because of the predicted positive effect of plant diversity on net herbivore control, we expect (iv) a decline in arthropod herbivory per unit biomass of primary producers at high plant diversity (Fig. 1B).

The simultaneous roles of the resource concentration hypothesis and enemies hypothesis in constraining herbivore impacts are described by (A) isolated bottom-up (Uij) and top-down (Dji) effects on herbivores, respectively, yielding the emergent net herbivore control (log ratio of top-down versus bottom-up effects). This is expected to drive a decline in (B) biomass-specific effects of herbivores on plants.

We determine the role of plant diversity in controlling herbivore impacts on plant communities using a quantitative food web approach (21) to examine multitrophic arthropod data collected across 2 years from analogous grassland biodiversity experiments conducted on two continents, Europe (22) and North America (7). We constructed 487 functional group-level food webs (fig. S1 and table S1) from aboveground arthropod datasets (7, 22) by first grouping all species into functional feedings groups based on taxonomy and life history traits and then assigning trophic links based on known feeding relationships among these groups (see Materials and Methods). We then quantified energy fluxes along trophic links in each food web using a food web energetics approach (21, 23, 24) and quantified total fluxes of energy (i) through each food web, (ii) to herbivores, and (iii) to their arthropod predators, which also included fluxes to omnivores via herbivorous and predatory interactions, respectively. Using these energy fluxes, we quantified the top-down effects of predators and the bottom-up effects of plants on herbivores to estimate the net multitrophic control of herbivory in each food web. Last, to determine the emergent influence of plant diversity on arthropod herbivory, we quantified the top-down impact of arthropod herbivores on plant communities across the experimental plant diversity gradients by calculating herbivore feeding rate per unit biomass of primary producers (see Materials and Methods). This approach provides a unified measure of herbivory that assesses the impacts of herbivores proportional to the biomass production of plant communities of varying diversity.

Increasing plant diversity resulted in higher overall energy flux through arthropod food webs with 95% more resource consumption in 16-species plant communities than in monocultures (P < 0.001; Fig. 2A and table S2). While the effect of increasing plant diversity on energy flux to herbivores was weaker (a 70% increase, P < 0.001; Fig. 2B and table S2), we found a particularly strong effect of plant diversity on total predation, with 162% greater energy flux to predators in 16-species plant communities compared to monocultures (P < 0.001; Fig. 2C and table S2). Our initial results closely match those of recent findings from the Jena Experiment in Germany (25), despite using fundamentally different approaches to quantifying energy fluxes (21). However, unlike the study by Buzhdygan et al. (25), we use energy fluxes to quantify herbivore pest control via multitrophic mechanisms that represent so far unresolved competing hypotheses of plant diversity effects on herbivore control. The observed increases in energy flux in the arthropod food webs of the current study are likely driven, in part, by increased arthropod biomass and abundance with increasing plant diversity (fig. S2), as has been found in previous studies testing for plant diversity effects on arthropods (7, 8). It is, however, important to note that organismal biomass alone does not govern the energetic demands of biological communities; energy fluxes are collectively determined by variation in species composition, body size structure, and food web structure. Nevertheless, organismal biomass has been shown to be a key determinant (24) that is also sensitive to changes in primary producer biomass on which arthropod communities rely. Although the total biomass of herbivores and predators both responded similarly to increasing plant diversity (fig. S2), energy fluxes to predators increased more strongly from monocultures to 16-species plant communities than those to herbivores (Fig. 2, A and B, and table S2). This indicates that biomass is not a simple proxy for energy transfer and that approaches integrating information on metabolism, assimilation efficiency, and trophic interactions (e.g., 21, 23) yield unique insights into energy flux dynamics in multitrophic systems.

Plant diversityenergy flux relationships are shown for total summed energy flux (log-transformed) to all trophic groups in the arthropod food webs (A), to all herbivores (B), and to all predators (C). Trend lines show the partial effects of plant diversity from the linear mixed effects models (see table S2) after accounting for different years [ 95% confidence interval (CI)].

These findings corroborate those of some previous studies from grassland biodiversity experiments (9, 10), suggesting that arthropod predators benefit more strongly from increasing plant diversity than do herbivores. However, other studies have found opposite trends in organismal biomass for herbivores compared with predators across different biodiversity experiments [e.g., (9)]. We observed no marked differences in predator or herbivore biomass responses to plant diversity that could provide clear support for primacy of top-down or bottom-up processes (fig. S2). Despite apparent inconsistencies among previous studies (810) that measured responses in abundance or biomass, our results indicate that food web energetics across the systems analyzed in these previous studies are remarkably similar and demonstrate clearer differences in responses of herbivores versus predators to the experimental plant diversity gradients (Fig. 2). Our analyses reveal consistent shifts in energy fluxes to herbivores and predators between the North American and German biodiversity experiments (Fig. 2 and table S3), suggesting that the effects of plant diversity on the energetic structure and functioning of food webs are general across different contexts.

The underlying mechanisms driving these different herbivore and predator responses (i.e., stronger positive plant diversity effects on predators versus herbivores) are not experimentally tested here. However, our results are consistent with the resource concentration hypothesis, whereby arthropod herbivores have lower chances of encountering preferred plant species in patches with higher plant diversity, thus reducing their likelihood of remaining in high-diversity patches (26, 27). In addition, within plant species, declines in tissue protein (nitrogen) levels have been found in plant communities with high species richness (28, 29), suggesting that host plants may be less nutritious at higher plant diversity. Note that we do not directly incorporate shifts in plant tissue stoichiometry in our calculations of energy flux and bottom-up effects, which would require quantitative knowledge of scaling relationships between stoichiometry and assimilation efficiency. Instead, our results arise from stoichiometric constraints on arthropod community structure, which is consistent with previous findings that resource stoichiometry influences arthropod diversity and biomass (30). At the same time, arthropod predators also benefit significantly from the increased habitat complexity of high-diversity plant communities, which has been suggested to reduce their risk of being detected and eaten by vertebrate predators (18).

In line with our predictions, with increasing plant diversity, we found an 11% decline in bottom-up effects of primary producers on the abundance of arthropod herbivores (P = 0.018; Fig. 3A and table S4) and a 25% increase in top-down effects of predators on herbivores from monocultures to 16-species plant communities, although this was statistically nonsignificant (P = 0.105; Fig. 3A and table S4). Moreover, our third prediction was strongly supported, as we found a significant positive effect of plant diversity on net herbivore control with an average 28% increase in the log ratio of top-down versus bottom-up effects on herbivores across the plant diversity gradients of both biodiversity experiments (P < 0.001; Fig. 3B and table S4). These results provide strong support (which are consistent across both experiments; table S5) for previous suggestions that primary producer diversity could impose constraints on arthropod herbivore biomass (26, 27). However, unlike many previous attempts to quantify plant diversity effects on arthropod herbivores, by implementing a quantitative food web approach (21), our analyses integrate simultaneous mechanisms that control herbivory and thus provide new insight into the true role of plant diversity in controlling herbivores.

We show empirical support for effects of plant diversity on (A) bottom-up pressure (log-transformed Uvh) applied by plants on arthropod herbivores (green symbols) and top-down pressure (log-transformed Dph) applied by predators on arthropod herbivores (blue symbols; P > 0.05) and for (B) the log ratio of top-down versus bottom-up pressure simultaneously imposed on herbivores. As expected, this led to (C) declining top-down pressure (log-transformed Dhv) of herbivores on plants (per unit plant biomass) with increasing plant diversity. Trend lines show the partial effects of plant diversity from the linear mixed effects models (see table S4) after accounting for different years ( 95% CI).

Our analytical approach also reveals that increasing multitrophic control on herbivores at higher plant diversity (via increased predation and reduced plant nutritional value) drives an overall decline in the biomass-specific impacts of herbivores on plant communities (P < 0.001; Fig. 3C and table S4), shedding light on earlier work that demonstrated greater reduction of biomass by arthropods with increasing plant diversity (31). In particular, we found a 44% reduction of herbivore feeding rates (estimated by energy flux from plants to invertebrate consumers), per gram of plant mass, from monoculture to 16-species plant communities. Thus, for every gram of plant biomass produced, plants lose just under half as much energy to arthropod herbivores when planted in high-diversity mixtures compared to when plants are grown in monocultures. Therefore, although overall energy loss to herbivores moderately increases in high-diversity plots (Fig. 2B)which matches findings of previous studies [e.g., (17)]the proportional loss of energy to herbivory is lower because high-diversity plant communities also produce more total biomass per unit area (32).

Our results seemingly contrast with earlier findings of higher loss of plant biomass with increasing plant diversity in the presence (versus absence) of the entire arthropod food web (31). However, quantification of plant community responses to food web interactions varied markedly and is difficult to compare. Seabloom et al. (31) assessed the impacts of the entire arthropod food web (without distinguishing trophic guilds) on total plant biomass, while our analyses specifically quantify the flux of energy, per unit biomass of plants, to arthropod herbivores (including plant-feeding omnivores). These differences point to two general implications of these contrasting results. First, our measure of herbivore impact is likely to detect herbivore effects on plant performance beyond those that manifest in short-term biomass production, such as tissue nutrient content (28). Second, while heavy sustained applications of broad-spectrum insecticides [as in the Seabloom et al. (31) study] may yield larger increases in plant biomass at high plant diversity, our study demonstrates that naturally assembling arthropod food webs control mass-specific effects of herbivores on plants through a complex of trophic interactions, which are also crucial for maintaining ecological stability (33). Decades of research on integrated pest management have shown that pest control that relies heavily on insecticides can lead to detrimental rebounds of herbivore pests, due to destabilizing nontarget effects on natural enemies following pesticide application (34). Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms underlying the differences between these two studies remain hidden and require further experimental, targeted manipulations of predators and herbivores to understand the negative influence of the arthropod food web on the relationship between plant diversity and biomass production (31). Still, together, these results demonstrate that plant biodiversity is a strong driver of primary productivity and may be crucial for limiting herbivore pest outbreaks by simultaneously constraining energetic gains of herbivores and supporting effective communities of natural enemies.

By distinguishing among the different functions provided across trophic levels in grassland food webs, our study reveals how increasing plant diversity strengthens the multitrophic controls that can yield net benefits for plants. We show that simultaneous changes in energy gained from resources and predation pressure received by arthropod predators suppress herbivores and their impacts on plant communities. This brings to light the importance of biotic interactions for maintaining ecosystem services and points to the need for further research into the role of food web structure for controlling the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Our study reconciles long-standing competing hypotheses about the ability of plant diversity to reduce herbivore impacts, by demonstrating that both natural enemies and resource concentration act in concert to constrain the negative effects of herbivores on plant performance. Hence, conserving plant diversity could be vital for maintaining natural control of herbivores and thereby help to minimize inputs of agrochemicals and maximize plant performance.

We used aboveground arthropod community data from two plant diversity experiments located on two different continents, namely, the Jena Experiment in Central Europe and the Cedar Creek Biodiversity Experiment in North America. The Jena Experiment, established in 2002 in the floodplain of the Saale River (Thuringia, Germany, 5055N, 1135E; 130 m above sea level), is an experimentally maintained plant diversity gradient using 60 plant species native to Central European mesophilic grasslands. Plant communities were sown in 400-m2 plots with species richness levels of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16, replicated across four spatial blocks (35). The diversity levels of 1 to 8 plant species were replicated 16 times, and the 16-species treatment was replicated 14 times, making a total of 78 replicate plots. In 2009, the plot size was reduced to 100 m2 and the monocultures of Bellis perennis (L., 1753) and Cynosurus cristatus (L., 1753) were excluded due to poor cover of the target species, leaving a total of 76 plots considered in the present study. Twice per year, the plots are mown to mimic traditional management practices and also weeded to maintain the experimental species richness levels (35). A detailed description of species selection for each plot and for the management of the Jena Experiment can be found in (35).

Similarly, the Cedar Creek Biodiversity Experiment was established in 1994 at the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve near East Bethel (Minnesota, USA) to create an experimental plant diversity gradient. Here, plots of 169 m2 (reduced to 81 m2 in 2000) were also sown with plant species richness levels of 1 (n = 39), 2 (n = 35), 4 (n = 29), 8 (n = 30), and 16 (n = 35), for which species were randomly drawn from a total species pool of 18 plant species. As in the Jena Experiment, experimental plant diversity levels were maintained by weeding plots two to four times during the growing season but were burned once per year in spring to mimic natural disturbance regimes typical of the region (1).

To account for colonization time of arthropod communities since the establishment of both experiments, we used arthropod data collected after 8 and 10 years from the initial experimental planting (i.e., years 2010 and 2012 from the Jena Experiment and years 2002 and 2004 from Cedar Creek). At the Jena Experiment, aboveground vegetation-dwelling arthropods were collected via suction sampling in June and July between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., within two sampling periods of 4 days for the entire experiment. Two subplots of 0.75 m 0.75 m were randomly placed within each plot, covered with a fine mesh cage, and exhaustively sampled using a modified commercial vacuum cleaner (Krcher A2500, Krcher GmbH, Winnenden, Germany) until no further arthropods were sighted. Arthropod samples were pooled from the two sampling times (June and July) to maximize coverage of species assemblages. At the Cedar Creek Biodiversity Experiment, vegetation-dwelling arthropods were collected via sweep net sampling at peak plant biomass (in August) over a single day. A total of 25 sweeps were conducted on each plot using a 38-cm-diameter net consisting of muslin mesh and by walking a 10-m line transect within 2 to 3 m of the plots edge. The use of different collection methods at each experimental site potentially had an effect on sampled species and their abundances. Specifically, sweep net samples may exclude many ground-dwelling arthropods that suction sampling would be more likely to capture. In contrast, some highly mobile groups such as Orthoptera were undersampled with suction sampling at the Jena Experiment, so they were not included in the Jena Experiment food webs (table S1). Nevertheless, past research has found that these two methods do generally provide comparable data of arthropod species across trophic levels and even appear to capture similar responses of arthropods to variation in plant diversity (36). Although these different sampling methods could presumably lead to inconsistent results in our analyses, we found no significant differences between the experimental sites in any arthropod food web variables.

All specimens from both experiments (with the exception of Diptera and Lepidoptera from the Jena Experiment, due to lack of taxonomic expertise) were identified to at least family level, or to genus and species level where possible, and abundances of species at each plot were recorded. For taxa from the Jena Experiment, body lengths were obtained from (37), and for Cedar Creek, average species body lengths were measured for approximately 70% (313 of 450) of the taxa (7). For all remaining taxa, average body lengths were retrieved from the literature. Body length was converted to fresh body mass (in milligrams) using taxon-specific length-mass regressions of temperate arthropods (38). In addition, the average assimilation efficiency, e (that is, the proportion of energy assimilated into arthropod biomass from total consumed energy), was assigned for each trophic interaction based on resources consumed (39). This was set to 0.158 for arthropods consuming detritus, 0.545 for arthropods consuming live plant material, and 0.906 for arthropods consuming other live arthropods (39). These values are based on well-known difference among trophic levels in their ability to extract energy from ingested material, whereby herbivores and detritivores are faced with resources of a lower digestibility than predators. Specifically, the assimilation efficiencies used in our study are taken from model estimates for each trophic level that were quantified using the most comprehensive meta-analysis on assimilation efficiencies to date (39).

Mean metabolic rates were calculated for each taxon for each of the two sampling years using published metabolic rate regressions for arthropod taxa (24, 40). Estimation of arthropod metabolic rates was made using regressions from fresh body mass, temperature (mean summer temperature of each experimental site from both sampling years), and phylogeny using the formulalnX=lnxo+a(lnMEkT)where X is the metabolic rate, a is the allometric exponent, M is the fresh body mass, E is the activation energy, k is the Boltzmanns constant, T is the temperature, and xo is a normalization factor (40). Taxon-specific values were used for xo, a, and E to calculate metabolic rates for Arachnida, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera, and parameters from a general insect metabolic rate regression were used for the remaining taxa. Metabolic rates were calculated as joules hour1 and then converted to joules month1 by multiplying by the average number of hours per month from when samples were collected.

All taxa were assigned to a functional feeding group (FFG) by first separating into taxonomic orders and then further identifying taxa within orders as either carnivores, herbivores, detritivores, or omnivores. Omnivores were further classified as carnivore-herbivores, carnivore-detritivores, herbivore-detritivores, or generalist omnivores (that consume other arthropods, plants, and detritus). We used this combined approach of taxonomic and functional distinctions because feeding associations have been shown to be highly phylogenetically conserved, particularly in our study system (41). Therefore, taxonomic groupings provide additional information on likely feeding behavior beyond general feeding traits alone. Furthermore, taxonomic groupings also provide information about the likely vulnerability of arthropods to predators, by indicating traits such as sclerotization or movement behavior. An adjacency matrix of possible trophic links among all FFGs (16 for the Jena Experiment and 23 for Cedar Creek) was created for each experimental site, yielding a so-called meta-web for the Jena Experiment and for Cedar Creek (fig. S1). Trophic links were assigned on the basis of all likely feeding interactions among FFGs, which were derived from a number of steps that combined expert knowledge and extensive literature searches. Specifically, general trophic links were first assigned at the functional group level based on expert knowledge. Then, we screened taxa that occurred within each functional group to ensure that feeding links were still meaningful for each given taxa. For example, predatory beetles (Coleoptera) were first assigned a feeding link with booklice (Psocoptera) based on co-occurrence and likely ability of beetles to overcome these prey. This link was then validated by finding literature support for some predatory beetles present in our food webs (e.g., Coccinellidae) that feed on booklice. These feeding links were additionally cross-referenced with matching taxonomic groups from recent species-level food webs constructed from the Jena Experiment, using feeding interactions reported in the literature, trophic levels, and a range of trait-based rules (22). For each plot and year in both experiments, we extracted local food webs (i.e., subsets of the meta-webs) based on the presence of FFGs at a given plot and year, yielding a total of 152 food webs from the Jena Experiment and 335 food webs from Cedar Creek.

Energy fluxes (as joules per month) among all nodes in the local food webs were calculated, where links were assigned using the food web energetics approach (21, 23, 24). Although energy flux is expressed in flow of energy (joules) per unit time, energy flux directly relates to material ingested by consumers in food webs as it describes the chemical energy that is taken up by heterotrophs and both converted to biomass and processed and lost as kinetic energy through metabolism (42). Furthermore, the material ingested by heterotrophs is composed of a suite of chemical elements (e.g., C, P, and N) that comprise organic compounds, which harbor chemical energy that is released and transformed through the process of metabolism (42). Therefore, energy fluxes are also closely correlated with elemental fluxes in food webs (21). To quantify energy fluxes in food webs across both grassland experiments, we assumed a steady-state system, whereby all energetic losses of nodes in the food webs (estimated by metabolism and predation by higher trophic levels) must be exactly balanced by energy intake, via consumption of resources, after accounting for efficiency of energy assimilation from ingested material. Fij, the flux of energy from resource i to consumer j, was thus calculated asieijFij=Xj+kWjkFkwhere eij is the efficiency that consumer j converts energy consumed from resource i into energy used for metabolism and biomass production, which varies with trophic level (39). Thus, the left side of the equation represents the energetic gains of consumer j via consumption of resources, and the right side of the equation defines energetic losses resulting from metabolism Xj (the sum of individual metabolic rates from arthropods in node j) and from predation on consumer j by higher trophic levels (21, 23). Energy flux to each consumer was defined as Fij = WijFj, where Fj is the sum of ingoing fluxes to species j and Wij is the proportion of Fj that is obtained from species i, which was obtained by scaling consumer preferences wij to the biomasses of different available prey usingWij=wijBikwkjBkwhere Bi is the biomass of resource i. To ensure realistic calculations of the proportions of energy flux from multiple resources to omnivores that feed either on both plants and arthropods or on detritus and arthropods, we set equal preferences among arthropod prey, plants, and detritus but maintained biomass-dependent preferences among arthropod prey. This was done to avoid extreme preferences of omnivores toward plants and detritus, which typically have far higher biomass than arthropod prey but are likely to be less preferred by omnivorous consumers due to lower nutritional value (43).

However, we suspected that variation in the assignment of feeding preferences of omnivores for plants versus arthropods could affect calculations of predatory and herbivorous energy fluxes, which could lead to different overall conclusions for the effects of plant diversity on herbivore control depending on preferences set in the food webs. To assess whether this was the case here, we conducted a sensitivity analysis whereby we incrementally altered the proportional omnivore preferences for plants versus arthropods from 0.2 to 0.9 (in increments of 0.1) and reanalyzed each model used to produce (Fig. 3, D and E). Our sensitivity analysis revealed that our results are highly robust to changes in feeding preferences of omnivores, as we found no discernible changes in the outcome of all but one of our models testing the effects of plant diversity on net herbivore control and on herbivore effects on plants (fig. S3 and table S6). Only in one scenario, testing the effect of plant diversity on herbivore control with omnivore preferences set to the most extreme preference for plants (90% preference for plants versus arthropods), we find only a marginally significant relationship (P = 0.058; fig. S3 and table S6). Therefore, we chose to assign a standardized equal preference for plants and arthropods (50% preference for each resource pool). In addition, cannibalistic links were allowed for several predator groups, but preference for cannibalism was set to 0.1 in the adjacency matrix to strongly down-weight the amount of energy a predator consumed from its own biomass pool. This was because biomass-dependent links yielded unrealistically high feeding preferences for cannibalism when the cannibalistic node was among the most abundant in a given food web. Energy flux calculations were performed using the fluxweb package (23) in R 3.4.2 (44).

To quantify whole-food web energy flux, we calculated the sum of energy flux along all trophic links within each entire food web, regardless of where in the food web the energy was flowing. Total herbivory was calculated as the sum of all outgoing energy flux from plants to account for the consumption of plant material by both strict herbivores and omnivores that partition their feeding between plant and other material (e.g., detritus and/or arthropod prey). Last, total predation was calculated as the sum of all outgoing energy flux from arthropod nodes to include predation by omnivores that feed on both arthropod prey and other energy sources (e.g., detritus and/or plants).

To assess herbivory, we quantified the total consumption of plant energy by herbivores, per unit biomass of plants using Dhv=FvhBv, where Fvh is the energy flux from plants to herbivores and Bv is the community biomass of plants in the food web (Fig. 4), yielding mass-specific energetic losses of plants to herbivores as joules month1 g1 of plant biomass. To further determine the forces regulating the herbivore effects on plant communities in the two diversity experiments, we additionally quantified both positive effects of plants on herbivores and negative effects of predators on herbivores in each food web across the experimental plant diversity gradients.

Fij is the total flux from resource to consumer, B is the community biomass of resource or consumer, and eij is the efficiency with which energy from a resource is assimilated (for allocation to, e.g., biomass production, movement, etc.).

Effects of predators on herbivores were calculated as Dph=FhpBh, where Fhp is the total energy flux from herbivores to their predators and Bh is the community biomass of herbivores in a given food web, yielding mass-specific energetic losses of herbivores to predators as joules month1 g1 of herbivore biomass. Effects of plants on herbivores were calculated as Uvh=evhFvhBh, where evh is the efficiency at which herbivores convert consumed plant material into herbivore biomass, Fvh is the total energy flux from plants to herbivores, and Bh is the community biomass of herbivores in the food web (Fig. 4), yielding mass-specific energetic gains of herbivores from plants as joules month1 g1 of herbivore biomass. Furthermore, we estimated the simultaneous top-down and bottom-up forces on herbivores at each grassland plot by calculating the log ratio, log(Dph/Uvh), to describe the negative top-down forces imposed by predators on herbivores relative to the positive bottom-up forces imposed by plants. Hence, a log ratio of 0 would indicate that top-down (per unit biomass energy loss) and bottom-up (per unit biomass energy gain) forces were equal at the community level with positive and negative values, indicating a net energetic loss or gain, respectively, per unit biomass of herbivores.

To analyze the effects of plant species richness on energy flux along all trophic links (whole-food web energy flux), energy flux to all herbivores, and energy flux to all predators in the 487 grassland food webs, we constructed linear mixed effects models using the nlme R package (45), with plant species richness as a fixed effect and experimental year as a random effect. In addition, our maximal models included experiment (whether data were from the Jena Experiment or the Cedar Creek Biodiversity Experiment) as a fixed effect and its interaction with plant species richness to account for variation in response variables arising from different experimental locations and collection methods as well as to test for consistency of findings across both grassland experiments. All models were checked for homoscedasticity of variance and normality of model residuals, following which each response variable (whole-community flux, flux to herbivores, and flux to predators) was log-transformed to meet the assumptions of normality and remove heteroscedasticity of variance. We finally conducted model simplification using Akaike information criterion (AIC) selection to identify a minimal adequate model for each response variable. We applied a minimum threshold of two AIC units to determine the best model, but where multiple models fell within this threshold, we selected the model with the fewest parameters as the minimum adequate model.

Similar to the models on summed energy fluxes, we constructed four linear mixed effects models [using the nlme package (45)] to test for a relationship between plant species richness and the bottom-up and top-down control of herbivore biomass (Uvh and Dph, respectively) as well as on net herbivore control, log(Dph/Uvh), and herbivore effects on plants (Dhv). Again, plant diversity, experiment, and their interaction were specified as fixed effects and experimental year as a random effect. As we identified issues with heteroscedasticity of variance in all of these four models, we first log-transformed each response variable (excluding the log ratio Dph/Uvh response). This sufficiently improved only one of the models (with top-down effects on herbivores as the response), with considerable issues in heteroscedasticity still remaining in the other three models. Therefore, we included a varIdent variance function (46) in each remaining model, allowing for different variances for each experimental year and value of plant species richness across the two experiments. Model simplification was again carried out (as above) to identify a minimum adequate model in each case.

Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the technical staff of the Jena Experiment for maintaining the experimental field site and to the many student assistants for weeding the experimental plots. Funding: This study was funded by the German Research Foundation (FOR 1451). The Cedar Creek Biodiversity Experiment was supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation Long-Term Ecological Research Program (LTER), including DEB-0620652 and DEB-1234162, and by the University of Minnesota. A.D.B., U.B., B.G., D.P.G., J.H., C.R., and N.E. also acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). Author contributions: N.E., C.S., U.B., and A.D.B. conceived the project; E.T.B., A.E., D.T., and W.W.W. contributed data; A.D.B., E.T.B., A.E., J.H., and C.R. compiled the data; A.D.B. and B.G. analyzed the data; A.D.B. wrote the manuscript; and all authors discussed the results and contributed to the manuscript text. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: Custom R scripts used to generate and analyze the data (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12909962.v1), along with the underlying datasets generated and analyzed for this manuscript (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12655295.v1), can be found in the Figshare repository.

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Biodiversity enhances the multitrophic control of arthropod herbivory - Science Advances

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