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Cormode & Dickson is a respected general contractor that has built a legacy of quality steel office buildings across Western Canada since 1962. More importantly, were proud of the relationships weve developed with our clients during every one of our construction projects.

Success to us means completing custom or prefab metal office buildings on time and on budget, where our client will turn only to us for future expansion, upgrading or new construction.

Steel office buildings offer durability and versatility. Whether your requirements include retail frontage, column-free interiors, multiple stories, innovative storage solutions, or general office space, we will help you consider all the options. Count on our experience and expertise when choosing modular office buildings, pre-engineered office buildings or custom design/build alternatives.

We have only your best interests in mind as we work with you to deliver the highest quality products within your budget and timeline restrictions.

Prefab metal office buildings are a popular choice today because they offer cost-effective, timely solutions. But dont think pre-engineered office buildings lack visual appeal. Various colour options and exterior coatings are available, such as stonework, brick, or stucco, which allow you to customize and personalize your steel office buildings.

Contact our knowledgeable staff in Edmonton and Calgary, Alberta or in Kelowna, British Columbia to discuss the construction of your design/build or prefab metal office buildings. From the first phone call, youll find out why the Cormode & Dickson name has become synonymous with building value.

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The accompanying tables show 20 of the largest upcoming Private and Government Office Building construction projects in the U.S. They are all in the planning stage and are mainly new projects, but may also involve additions and/or alterations.

Shopping centers, hotels, office buildings, medical buildings, educational buildings, libraries and museums, sports and entertainment complexes, industrial projects and government buildings will all be covered on a rotating basis.

There are several reasons for highlighting upcoming large projects. Such jobs have often received a fair amount of media coverage. Therefore, people in the industry are on the lookout for when job-site work actually gets underway. And, as showcase projects, they highlight geographically where major construction projects are proceeding.

Finally, total construction activity is comprised of many small- and medium-sized projects and a limited number of large developments. But the largest projects, simply by their nature, can dramatically affect total dollar volumes. In other words, the timing and size of these projects have an exaggerated influence on market forecasts.

Ten of the largest upcoming Private Office Building construction projects

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millions

Ten of the largest upcoming Government Office Building construction projects

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millions

All of the above projects share the same common factors. They are all in the planning stage. They are mainly new projects but may also involve additions and/or alterations. Shopping centers, hotels, office buildings, medical buildings, educational buildings, libraries and museums, sports and entertainment complexes, industrial projects and government buildings will all be covered on a rotating basis.

Data source: ConstructConnect/Tables: ConstructConnect.

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Twenty Major Upcoming Private and Government Office ...

The Church Office Building (COB) is a 28-story building in Salt Lake City, Utah, which houses the administrative support staff for the lay ministry of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) throughout the world.

The building is 420 ft (128 m) tall at roof level and is located within the Temple Square complex on the corner of North Temple and State Street.[1]

The building was designed by George Cannon Young at a cost of US$31 million to build. Construction took place from 1962 to 1972. Upon its completion, LDS Church leadership centralized the offices of the church in this location, which has facilitated the direction of the expanding religious organization. Work performed within the building includes the production of church-related magazines, translation of church materials into numerous languages, regulation of missionary efforts, production of church films, and matters relating to the construction of temples, and more.

The lobby of the building is dominated by a massive mural depicting the Great Commission. The lobby also features a statue honoring Mormon pioneer sacrifices, which depicts a husband and wife burying an infant child. The inscription reads, "That the struggles, sacrifices and the sufferings of the faithful pioneers and the cause they represented shall never be forgotten."

The first four floors of the building expand outward, to the west and east, to form wings. The north side of each of these wings are without windows, each having stone facades, with large ovals containing relief maps of the two hemispheres of the earth. On the tower itself, the southern, western, and eastern facades all feature a closely spaced vertical pinstripe pattern of cast quartzite columns flanking the narrow windows, visually reminiscent of the former World Trade Center in New York City, a contemporary structure. The building's northern facade is marked by a narrow blank wall in the center, indicating the building's elevator and service core, with the regular pinstripe pattern on either side. This central part of the tower rises two floors above the observation deck at the 26th floor, and protrudes outward slightly on the southern side. [2]

The observation deck is open to the public for free, and provides a good view of Antelope Island and the Great Salt Lake to the northwest, the Wasatch Mountains to the north and east, the skyline of the city to the south, the Oquirrh Mountains to the west, and Temple Square to the immediate west.

Visitors can also take a free tour of the gardens surrounding the building. The gardens are completely redesigned every six months, and feature an array of exotic plants and flowers.[3]

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In the Initech office, the insecure Peter Gibbons hates his job and the abusive Division VP Bill Lumbergh that has just hired two consultants to downsize the company. His best friends are the software engineers Michael Bolton and Samir Nagheenanajar that also hate Initech, and his next door neighbor Lawrence. His girlfriend Anne is cheating on him but she convinces Peter to visit the hypnotherapist Dr. Swanson. Peter tells how miserable his life is and Dr. Swanson hypnotizes him and he goes into a state of ecstasy. However, Dr. Swanson dies immediately after giving the hypnotic suggestion to Peter. He dates the waitress Joanna and changes his attitude in the company, being promoted by the consultants. When he discovers that Michael and Samir will be fired, they decide to plant a virus in the account system to embezzle fraction of cents in each financial operation into Peter's account. However Michael commits a mistake in the software and instead of decimals, they steal a large amount.... Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Office Space (1999) - IMDb

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in "The White House announced that...".

The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban[2] in the Neoclassical style. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage.[3] In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829.

Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. In the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.

The modern-day White House complex includes the Executive Residence, West Wing, East Wing, the Eisenhower Executive Office Buildingthe former State Department, which now houses offices for the President's staff and the Vice Presidentand Blair House, a guest residence. The Executive Residence is made up of six storiesthe Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, as well as a two-story basement. The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of "America's Favorite Architecture".

Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 3941 Broadway (FebruaryAugust 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.

The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris's city house at 190 High Street (now 524-30 Market Street) for Washington's presidential residence. The first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away, but Washington declined to occupy it.

President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On November 1, 1800,[4] he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania.

First Presidential Mansion: Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 - February 1790.

Second Presidential Mansion: Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February - August 1790.

Third Presidential Mansion: President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 May 1800.

Government House, New York (1790-91). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion.

House intended for the President, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1790s). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, neither Washington nor Adams would occupy it.

The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's' plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. (see: L'Enfant Plan).[5][6] The architect of the White House was chosen in a design competition which received nine proposals, including one submitted anonymously by Thomas Jefferson.[7]

President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina in May 1791 on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He is reputed to have met with Hoban then. The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.[8]

On July 16, 1792, the President met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.[9]

Washington was not entirely pleased with the original submission, however; he found it too small, lacking ornament, and not monumental enough to house the nation's president. On his recommendation, the house was changed from three stories to two, and was widened from a nine-bay facade to an 11-bay facade. Hoban's competition drawings do not survive.[citation needed]

The building has classical inspiration sources, that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).[10] Several other Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted south front, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room. These influences, though undocumented, are cited in the official White House guide, and in White House Historical Association publications. The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Chteau de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 18121817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).[11] The theoretical link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of a connection posit that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings (which were on-file at the College) at the cole Spciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College).[12] On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.[11]

Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony.[13] The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.[14] Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban,[15] as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the "fish scale" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. The initial construction took place over a period of eight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,245,460 today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.[16]

Shortages, including material and labor, forced alterations to the earlier plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a "palace" that was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.[15] The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone faades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.[15]

As it is a famed structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been constructed.

The principal faade of the White House, the north front, is of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the faade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal entrance at the center of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet.

The mansion's southern faade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of three floors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the center of the faade is a neoclassical projecting bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by 5 bays, the windows of which, as on the north faade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia (with the Truman Balcony at second-floor level), known as the south portico. The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the faade.

The building was originally referred to variously as the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion", or "President's House".[17] The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.[18] A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,[19] giving the building its namesake hue.[20] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "White HouseWashington" engraved on the stationery in 1901.[21][22] The current letterhead wording and arrangement "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[22]

Although it was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, it is also speculated that the name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had courted the First Lady in the mid-18th century.[23]

On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[15] During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:

I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.[24]

Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.[24]

Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence"[25] in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"[26]), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that help conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.[15] Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.[15]

In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops[27] during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington,[27] and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814,[28][29] even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[30]

After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[31] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.[15] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[32] An elliptical portico at Chteau de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[33] although this matter is one of great debate.[34] Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now ras an Uachtarin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[33] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions.[35] Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.[35]

The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Statue of Liberty project was not the only undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years.[36]

When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[37] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[38] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

In the fall of 1882 work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, and colorful traceries woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.[39][40]

In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.[35] A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal.[35] These plans were ultimately rejected.

However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.[41][42]Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the President's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.[15]

President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.[35] The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.[15]

Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[43] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[15] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949-51.[44] The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[43] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million (US$ 52 million in 2016).[45] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[43] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[15] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[15] While the house's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes were generic, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 18141816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[46]

Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (196163), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.[47] Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family. Stphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Mrs. Kennedy to assist with the decoration.[47] Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victorian for the president's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed. The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.[47] In the Diplomatic Reception Room Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amrique Nord" wall paper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.[48] Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public in a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962.[49]

Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.[50] Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Familyusually represented by the First Lady, the White House Curator, and the Chief Usherto implement the family's proposals for altering the house.[51]

During the Nixon administration (196974), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon.[52] Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.[53] Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool.[54] Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.[55]

Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration.[56] A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.[57][58] Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.[59] The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.[59]

In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room.[60] During the administration of George W. Bush, first lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary to the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.[60]

The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.[58] These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. 167 solar photovoltaic grid tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals.[61]

In 2013 President Barack Obama installed a set of solar panels on the roof of the White House.[62][63]

The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter. In the 1950s, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to travel by helicopter to and from the White House grounds.[64]

Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations. The White House includes: six stories and 55,000ft (5,100 m) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley (officially called the Harry S. Truman Bowling Alley), a movie theater (officially called the White House Family Theater[65]), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green.[22] It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.[66]

The original residence is in the center. Two colonnadesone on the east and one on the westdesigned by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings, added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase.[67] The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.[68] The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.[69] The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).[70]

The West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets,[71] as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room.[72] In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs.[73] The makeover took 11 months and cost $8 million, of which news outlets paid $2 million.[73] In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure;[74] this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing.[75]

This portion of the building was used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing.[citation needed]

The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady, and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds. Although the White House grounds have had many gardeners through their history, the general design, still largely used as master plan today, was designed in 1935 by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, under commission from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building, came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson. Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[76]

Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey. Even so, the practice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s, although President Bill Clinton would briefly revive the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

The White House remained accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors, or eccentric dispensers of advice like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he began the business day. Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.[citation needed]

In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds. Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane crashed on the White House grounds, and the pilot died instantly.[77]

As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds.[78]

On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

After September 11, 2001, this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse.[79] During the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.[80]

Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.[81] White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration.[82] The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.[83]

The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all air space around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.[84][85]

For security reasons, the section of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic, except government officials.

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is this Report About? 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Summary Methodology 2 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook CONSTRUCTION: CATEGORY DATA 2.1 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Historic Market Value 2.2 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Historic Market Value by Cost Type 2.3 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Forecast Market Value 2.4 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Forecast Market Value by Cost Type 2.5 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add: Historic Market Value 2.6 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add: Forecast Market Value 3 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook CONSTRUCTION: ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 3.1 New Construction Output 3.2 New Construction Output by Cost Type 3.3 New Construction Output Forecast 3.4 New Construction Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.5 Repair & Maintenance Output 3.6 Repair & Maintenance Output by Cost Type 3.7 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast 3.8 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.9 Refurbishment Output 3.10 Refurbishment Output by Cost Type 3.11 Refurbishment Output Forecast 3.12 Refurbishment Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.13 Demolition Output 3.14 Demolition Output by Cost Type 3.15 Demolition Output Forecast 3.16 Demolition Output Forecast by Cost Type 4 APPENDIX 4.1 Methodology 4.2 About Timetric 4.3 Our Services 4.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1: Timetric Construction Market Definitions Table 2: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 3: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 4: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 5: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 6: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 7: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 8: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 9: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, 2015-2020 Table 10: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output, 2011-2015 Table 11: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 12: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 13: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 14: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 15: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 16: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output, 2011-2015 Table 17: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 18: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output(EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 19: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 20: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 21: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 22: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output, 2011-2015 Table 23: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 24: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 25: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 26: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 27: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 28: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output, 2011-2015 Table 29: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 30: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 31: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 32: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 33: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

List of Figures

Figure 1: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 2: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 3: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 4: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 5: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 6: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 7: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 8: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 9: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 10: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 11: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 12: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 13: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 14: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 15: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 16: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 17: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 18: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 19: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 20: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 21: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 22: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is this Report About? 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Summary Methodology 2 OFFICE BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION: CATEGORY DATA 2.1 Office Buildings Construction Output: Historic Market Value 2.2 Office Buildings Construction Output: Historic Market Value by Cost Type 2.3 Office Buildings Construction Output: Forecast Market Value 2.4 Office Buildings Construction Output: Forecast Market Value by Cost Type 2.5 Office Buildings Construction Value Add: Historic Market Value 2.6 Office Buildings Construction Value Add: Forecast Market Value 3 OFFICE BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION: ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 3.1 New Construction Output 3.2 New Construction Output by Cost Type 3.3 New Construction Output Forecast 3.4 New Construction Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.5 Repair & Maintenance Output 3.6 Repair & Maintenance Output by Cost Type 3.7 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast 3.8 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.9 Refurbishment Output 3.10 Refurbishment Output by Cost Type 3.11 Refurbishment Output Forecast 3.12 Refurbishment Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.13 Demolition Output 3.14 Demolition Output by Cost Type 3.15 Demolition Output Forecast 3.16 Demolition Output Forecast by Cost Type 4 APPENDIX 4.1 Methodology 4.2 About Timetric 4.3 Our Services 4.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1: Timetric Construction Market Definitions Table 2: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 3: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 4: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 5: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 6: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 7: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 8: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 9: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, 2015-2020 Table 10: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output, 2011-2015 Table 11: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 12: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 13: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 14: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 15: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 16: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output, 2011-2015 Table 17: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 18: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output(IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 19: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 20: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 21: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 22: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output, 2011-2015 Table 23: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 24: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 25: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 26: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 27: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 28: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output, 2011-2015 Table 29: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 30: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 31: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 32: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 33: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

List of Figures

Figure 1: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 2: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 3: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 4: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 5: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 6: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 7: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 8: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 9: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 10: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 11: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 12: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 13: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 14: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 15: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 16: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 17: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 18: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 19: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 20: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 21: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 22: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

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We can help you choose the right products, materials, and solutions for your new office building. At Interior Supply, we offersolutions and services for the design and construction of your office buildingthat can helpspeed up the construction process,earn LEED credits,andcontribute to the long-term sustainabilityof the structure. Fromexterior insulation finish systemstoacoustical wall,andceiling solutions, our expert sales team can help educate you and work with you to make the right choices for your new office building. And after construction begins, we candeliver the materials on-site, when you want them, right where you want them, helping to speed up construction time and keep the process on schedule.

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An office is generally a room or other area where administrative work is done, but may also denote a position within an organization with specific duties attached to it (see officer, office-holder, official); the latter is in fact an earlier usage, office as place originally referring to the location of one's duty. When used as an adjective, the term "office" may refer to business-related tasks. In legal writing, a company or organization has offices in any place that it has an official presence, even if that presence consists of, for example, a storage silo rather than an office. An office is an architectural and design phenomenon; whether it is a small office such as a bench in the corner of a small business of extremely small size (see small office/home office), through entire floors of buildings, up to and including massive buildings dedicated entirely to one company. In modern terms an office usually refers to the location where white-collar workers are employed. As per James Stephenson,"Office is that part of business enterprise which is devoted to the direction and co-ordination of its various activities."

Offices in classical antiquity were often part of a palace complex or a large temple. The High Middle Ages (10001300) saw the rise of the medieval chancery, which was usually the place where most government letters were written and where laws were copied in the administration of a kingdom. With the growth of large, complex organizations in the 18th century, the first purpose-built office spaces were constructed. As the Industrial Revolution intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industries of banking, rail, insurance, retail, petroleum, and telegraphy dramatically grew, and a large number of clerks were needed, and as a result more office space was required to house these activities. The time and motion study, pioneered in manufacturing by F. W. Taylor led to the Modern Efficiency Desk with a flat top and drawers below, designed to allow managers an easy view of the workers. However, by the midpoint of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required discretion in the control of privacy, and gradually the cubicle system evolved.[1]

The main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in performing their job. Work spaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing and computer work. There are nine generic types of work space, each supporting different activities. In addition to individual cubicles, there are also meeting rooms, lounges, and spaces for support activities, such as photocopying and filing. Some offices also have a kitchen area where workers can make their lunches. There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office and whilst these vary according to function, managerial fashions and the culture of specific companies can be even more important. While offices can be built in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for offices make this more difficult, such as requirements for light, networking, and security. The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and managerial workers. These workers usually occupy set areas within the office building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs and other equipment they may need within these areas.

The structure and shape of the office is impacted by both management thought as well as construction materials and may or may not have walls or barriers. The word stems from the Latin officium, and its equivalents in various, mainly romance, languages. An officium was not necessarily a place, but rather an often mobile 'bureau' in the sense of a human staff or even the abstract notion of a formal position, such as a magistrature. The relatively elaborate Roman bureaucracy would not be equaled for centuries in the West after the fall of Rome, even partially reverting to illiteracy, while the East preserved a more sophisticated administrative culture, both under Byzantium and under Islam.

Offices in classical antiquity were often part of a palace complex or a large temple. There was usually a room where scrolls were kept and scribes did their work. Ancient texts mentioning the work of scribes allude to the existence of such "offices". These rooms are sometimes called "libraries" by some archaeologists and the general press because one often associates scrolls with literature. In fact they were true offices since the scrolls were meant for record keeping and other management functions such as treaties and edicts, and not for writing or keeping poetry or other works of fiction.

The High Middle Ages (10001300) saw the rise of the medieval chancery, which was usually the place where most government letters were written and where laws were copied in the administration of a kingdom. The rooms of the chancery often had walls full of pigeonholes, constructed to hold rolled up pieces of parchment for safekeeping or ready reference, a precursor to the book shelf. The introduction of printing during the Renaissance did not change these early government offices much.

Medieval illustrations, such as paintings or tapestries, often show people in their private offices handling record-keeping books or writing on scrolls of parchment. All kinds of writings seemed to be mixed in these early forms of offices. Before the invention of the printing press and its distribution there was often a very thin line between a private office and a private library since books were read or written in the same space at the same desk or table, and general accounting and personal or private letters were also done there.

It was during the 13th century that the English form of the word first appeared when referring to a position involving duties (ex. the office of the ...). Geoffrey Chaucer appears to have first used the word in 1395 to mean a place where business is transacted in The Canterbury Tales.

As mercantilism became the dominant economic theory of the Renaissance, merchants tended to conduct their business in the same buildings, which might include retail sales, warehousing and clerical work. During the 15th century, population density in many cities reached the point where stand-alone buildings were used by merchants to conduct their business, and there was a developing a distinction between church, government/military and commerce uses for buildings.[1]

With the growth of large, complex organizations such as the Royal Navy and the East India Company in the 18th century, the first purpose-built office spaces were constructed. The Old Admiralty (Ripley Building) was built in 1726 as a three storey U-shaped brick building and was the first purpose built office building in Great Britain. As well as offices, the building housed a board room and apartments for the Lords of the Admiralty. In the 1770s, many scattered offices for the Royal Navy were gathered into Somerset House, the first block purpose-built for office work.[2]

The East India House was built in 1729 on Leadenhall Street as the headquarters from which the East India Company administered its Indian colonial possessions. The Company developed a very complex bureaucracy for the task, which required thousands of office employees to process the necessary paperwork. The Company recognized the benefits of centralized administration, and required that all workers sign in and out at the central office, daily.[3]

As the Industrial Revolution intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industries of banking, rail, insurance, retail, petroleum, and telegraphy dramatically grew in size and complexity. To transact business, an increasing large number of clerks were needed to handle order-processing, accounting, and document filing, with increasingly specialized office space required to house these activities. Most of the desks of the era were top heavy with paper storage bins extending above the desk-work area, giving the appearance of a cubicle and offering the workers some degree of privacy.

The relatively high price of land in the central core of cities lead to the first multi-story buildings, which were limited to about 10 stories until the use of iron and steel allowed for higher structures. The first purpose-built office block was the Brunswick Building, built in Liverpool in 1841.[4] The invention of the safety elevator in 1852 by Elisha Otis saw the rapid escalation upward of buildings.[1] By the end of the 19th century, larger office buildings frequently contained large glass atriums to allow light into the complex and improve air circulation.

By 1906, Sears, Roebuck and Co had opened their mail order and headquarters operation in a 3,000,000-square-foot (280,000m2) building in Chicago, at the time the largest building in the world. The time and motion study, pioneered in manufacturing by F. W. Taylor and later applied to the office environment by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, led to the idea that managers needed to play an active role in directing the work of subordinates in order to increase the efficiency of the workplace. F.W. Taylor advocated the use of large, open floor plans, and desks that faced supervisors.[5] As a result, in 1915, the Equitable Life Insurance Company in New York City introduced the Modern Efficiency Desk with a flat top and drawers below, designed to allow managers an easy view of the workers. This led to a demand for a large square footages per floor in buildings, and a return to the open spaces that were seen in preindustrial revolution buildings.[1]

However, by the midpoint of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required discretion in the control of privacy, which is needed to combat tedium linked to poor productivity, and to encourage creativity. In 1964, the Herman Miller (office equipment) company engaged Robert Propst, a prolific industrial designer, who came up with the concept of the Action Office which later evolved into the cubicle office furniture system.[1]

Japanese businesses have set themselves apart from their American counterparts by implementing different techniques in the way they handle business. The Japanese office layout improves work productivity, harmony in the office, and holds every employee accountable for the work they produce. The type of office layout used in Japan is called an open plan, and relies on ergonomics to help make employees as productive as possible. The Japanese open office layout allows them to use an organizational structure known as the horizontal structure. In the typical Japanese office there are no walls dividing desks, no cubicles, and no individual offices. Also they are able to implement policies using the ringi-sho consensus.

In order to get group members to work effectively in the open office floor plan the use of island style desks are used. The most dominant feature of the Japanese island style office layout is that each group forms an island. Kageyu Noro, Goroh Fujimaki & Shinsuke Kishi, researches of ergonomics in the work place, stated, Japanese offices have traditionally adhered to island layouts because these reflect the Japanese style of teamwork and top-down style of management.[6] The group leader will then sit at the prominent position and ensure productivity.

The group leader will assign a task to the group, and each member of the group then receives their individual task to complete. Island style seating also gives the group the benefit of being able to speak to one another at any time, and ask for help if needed. Being in such close proximity to one another in the office gives another advantage to the supervisor in that he can call an uchi-awase. Uchi-awase is an informal meeting in order to get an important message across, and also allows all members of the team to be creative in the office. The open office layout allows for this because there are hardly any independent rooms or enclosures. If the supervisor stands at his desk he can glance at his associates and easily call them over.,[7] according to Durlabhji, Subhash, Norton E. Marks, and Scott Roach, authors of Japanese Business Cultural Perspective. Once all individual tasks are complete the group then combines each persons work and the project is the put together as a whole and returned to the supervisor. The work is viewed as a team effort and that each member of the group receives equal credit for being part of a team completing the goal assigned. The group itself holds each member accountable for ensuring that the work is getting done, and that no one individual is doing more work than another. Another motivating factor is that the groups boss is also seated at the same desk, and the effect that this has on the individuals is that they must work hard just like the boss. The role of having an open lay out with island type seating allows the office to be structured so the employees are put together as teams.

The type of organizational structure found within the Japanese office is known as a horizontal structure. According to Andrew, Ghillyer, author of Management Now, Horizontal structure is an organization structure consisting of two groups: the first composed of senior management responsible for strategic decisions and policies and the second composed of empowered employees working together in different process teams; also known as a team structure.[8] The benefit of using this type of structure is that hierarchy is flattened to reduce supervision, teams are able to self-manage, team performance, not just the individual is rewarded, and training is highly emphasized amongst all employees. With the heightened sense of empowerment and responsibility workers are motivated to complete objectives in a timely manner. Having the office structured horizontally allows for the easy communication of introducing new policies and ideas amongst the groups.

Ringisho refers to the concept of submitting proposals and making decisions off those ideas. By unifying everyone together in the Japanese office it helps to make better informed decisions on policies of the company that all managers and employees have input on. The idea behind this is to get a hold of various thinking individuals to see if there is a good way in writing their policies that come to benefit the company better. Richard Lewis, author of When Cultures Collide, states Suggestions, ideas and inventions make their way up the company hierarchy by a process of collecting signatures among workers and middle managers. Many people are involved. Top executives take the final step in ratifying items that have won sufficient approval.[9] With this system in place changes to policies are only passed if there is an overall consensus to pass it. Allowing each group to have a say on which policies should be implemented improves overall job satisfaction and harmony throughout the office.

The way Japanese offices are structured allow them to be more efficient when conducting business. The efficiency at which they operate has been noticed by such companies General Motors, Ford, Motorola, and Chrysler Company. They continue to look for other ways to be more efficient and productive with the office layout and employee productivity.

The main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in performing their jobpreferably at minimum cost and to maximum satisfaction. With different people performing different tasks and activities, however, it is not always easy to select the right office spaces. To aid decision-making in workplace and office design, one can distinguish three different types of office spaces: work spaces, meeting spaces and support spaces. For new, or developing businesses, remote satellite offices and project rooms, Serviced Offices can provide a simple solution and provide all of the former types of space.

Work spaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing and computer work. There are nine generic types of work space, each supporting different activities.

Open office: An open work space for more than ten people, suitable for activities which demand frequent communication or routine activities which need relatively little concentration

Team space: A semi-enclosed work space for two to eight people; suitable for teamwork which demands frequent internal communication and a medium level of concentration

Cubicle: A semi-enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities which demand medium concentration and medium interaction

Private office: An enclosed work space for one person, suitable for activities which are confidential, demand a lot of concentration or include many small meetings

Shared office: An enclosed work space for two or three people, suitable for semi-concentrated work and collaborative work in small groups

Team room: An enclosed work space for four to ten people; suitable for teamwork which may be confidential and demands frequent internal communication

Study booth: An enclosed work space for one person; suitable for short-term activities which demand concentration or confidentiality

Work lounge: A lounge-like work space for two to six people; suitable for short-term activities which demand collaboration and/or allow impromptu interaction

Touch down: An open work space for one person; suitable for short-term activities which require little concentration and low interaction

Meeting spaces in an office are typically used interactive processes, be it quick conversations or intensive brainstorms. There are six generic types of meeting space, each supporting different activities.

Small meeting room: An enclosed meeting space for two to four persons, suitable for both formal and informal interaction

Large meeting room: An enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people, suitable for formal interaction

Small meeting space: An open or semi-open meeting space for two to four persons; suitable for short, informal interaction

Large meeting space: An open or semi-open meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for short, informal interaction

Brainstorm room: An enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for brainstorming sessions and workshops

Meeting point: An open meeting point for two to four persons; suitable for ad hoc, informal meetings

Support spaces in an office are typically used for secondary activities such as filing documents or taking a break. There are twelve generic types of support space, each supporting different activities.

Filing space: An open or enclosed support space for the storage of frequently used files and documents

Storage space: An open or enclosed support space for the storage of commonly used office supplies

Print and copy area: An open or enclosed support space with facilities for printing, scanning and copying

Mail area: An open or semi-open support space where employees can pick up or deliver their personal mail

Pantry area: An open or enclosed support space where people can get coffee and tea as well as soft drinks and snacks

Break area: A semi-open or enclosed support space where employees can take a break from their work

Locker area: An open or semi-open support space where employees can store their personal belongings

Smoking room: An enclosed support space where employees can smoke a cigarette

Library: A semi-open or enclosed support space for reading of books, journals and magazines

Games room: An enclosed support space where employees can play games (e.g. computer games, pool, darts)

Waiting area: An open or semi-open support space where visitors can be received and can wait for their appointment

Circulation space: Support space which is required for circulation on office floors, linking all major functions

There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office and whilst these vary according to function, managerial fashions and the culture of specific companies can be even more important. Choices include, how many people will work within the same room. At one extreme, each individual worker will have their own room; at the other extreme a large open plan office can be made up of one main room with tens or hundreds of people working in the same space. Open plan offices put multiple workers together in the same space, and some studies have shown that they can improve short term productivity, i.e. within a single software project. At the same time, the loss of privacy and security can increase the incidence of theft and loss of company secrets. A type of compromise between open plan and individual rooms is provided by the cubicle desk, possibly made most famous by the Dilbert cartoon series, which solves visual privacy to some extent, but often fails on acoustic separation and security. Most cubicles also require the occupant to sit with their back towards anyone who might be approaching; workers in walled offices almost always try to position their normal work seats and desks so that they can see someone entering, and in some instances, install tiny mirrors on things such as computer monitors.

While offices can be built in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for offices make this more difficult. These requirements can be both legal (e.g. light levels must be sufficient) or technical (e.g. requirements for computer networking). Alongside, other requirements such as security and flexibility of layout, has led to the creation of special buildings which are dedicated only or primarily for use as offices. An office building, also known as an office block or business center is a form of commercial building which contains spaces mainly designed to be used for offices.

The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and managerial workers. These workers usually occupy set areas within the office building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs and other equipment they may need within these areas.

An office building will be divided into sections for different companies or may be dedicated to one company. In either case, each company will typically have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, singular or open-plan offices, as well as toilets.

Many office buildings also have kitchen facilities and a staff room, where workers can have lunch or take a short break. Many office spaces are now also serviced office spaces, which means that those occupying a space or building can share facilities.

Need to mention all building names with company details

Rental rates for office and retail space are typically quoted in terms of money per floor-areatime, usually money per floor-area per year or month. For example, the rate for a particular property may be $29 per square-foot per year ($29/s.f/yr) - $290 per square-meteryear ($290/m2/a), and rates in the area could range $20$50/s.f./yr ($200$500/m2a).

In many countries, rent is typically paid monthly even if usually discussed in terms of years.

Examples:

In a gross lease, the rate quoted is an all-inclusive rate. One pays a set amount of rent per time and the landlord is responsible for all other expenses such as costs of utilities, taxes, insurance, maintenance, and repairs.

The triple net lease is one in which the tenant is liable for a share of various expenses such as property taxes, insurance, maintenance, utilities, climate control, repairs, janitorial services and landscaping.

Office rents in the United States are still recovering from the high vacancy rates that occurred in the wake of the 2008 depression.[10]

The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) classifies office space into three categories: Class A, Class B, and Class C.[11] According to BOMA, Class A office buildings have the "most prestigious buildings competing for premier office users with rents above average for the area". BOMA states that Class A facilities have "high quality standard finishes, state of the art systems, exceptional accessibility and a definite market presence". BOMA describes Class B office buildings as those that compete "for a wide range of users with rents in the average range for the area". BOMA states that Class B buildings have "adequate systems" and finishes that "are fair to good for the area", but that the buildings do not compete with Class A buildings for the same prices. According to BOMA Class C buildings are aimed towards "tenants requiring functional space at rents below the average for the area".[12] The lack of specifics allows considerable room for "fudging" the boundaries of the categories. Oftentimes, the above categories are further modified by adding the plus or minus sign to create subclasses, such as Class A+ or Class B-.[13][14]

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