Feng shui (i/ /;[1]i/ /;[2]pinyin: fng shu, pronounced[f wi]( listen)) is a Chinese philosophical system of harmonizing the human existence with the surrounding environment. The term feng shui literally translates as "wind-water" in English. This is a cultural shorthand taken from the passage of the now-lost Classic of Burial recorded in Guo Pu's commentary:[3] Feng Shui is one of the Five Arts of Chinese Metaphysics, classified as Physiognomy (observation of appearances through formulas and calculations). The Feng Shui practice discusses architecture in metaphoric terms of "invisible forces" that bind the Universe, Earth, and man together, known as qi/chi/energy.

Qi rides the wind and scatters, but is retained when encountering water.[3]

Historically, feng shui was widely used to orient buildingsoften spiritually significant structures such as tombs, but also dwellings and other structuresin an auspicious manner. Depending on the particular style of feng shui being used, an auspicious site could be determined by reference to local features such as bodies of water, stars, or a compass. Feng shui was suppressed in mainland China during the cultural revolution in the 1960s, but since then has increased in popularity.

Modern reactions to feng shui are mixed. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience states that some principles of feng shui are "quite rational", while noting that "folk remedies and superstitions... [have been] incorporated into feng shui's eclectic mix".[4]

As of 2013[update] the Yangshao and Hongshan cultures provide the earliest known evidence for the use of feng shui. Until the invention of the magnetic compass, feng shui apparently relied on astronomy to find correlations between humans and the universe.[5] In 4000 BC, the doors of Banpo dwellings aligned with the asterism Yingshi just after the winter solsticethis sited the homes for solar gain.[6] During the Zhou era, Yingshi was known as Ding and used to indicate the appropriate time to build a capital city, according to the Shijing. The late Yangshao site at Dadiwan (c. 3500-3000 BC) includes a palace-like building (F901) at the center. The building faces south and borders a large plaza. It stands on a north-south axis with another building that apparently housed communal activities. Regional communities may have used the complex.[7]

A grave at Puyang (c. 4000 BC) that contains mosaics actually a Chinese star map of the Dragon and Tiger asterisms and Beidou (the Big Dipper, Ladle or Bushel) is oriented along a north-south axis.[8] The presence of both round and square shapes in the Puyang tomb, at Hongshan ceremonial centers and at the late Longshan settlement at Lutaigang,[9] suggests that gaitian cosmography (heaven-round, earth-square) existed in Chinese society long before it appeared in the Zhou Bi Suan Jing.[10]

Cosmography that bears a striking resemblance to modern feng shui devices and formulas appears on a piece of jade unearthed at Hanshan and dated around 3000 BC. Archaeologist Li Xueqin links the design to the liuren astrolabe, zhinan zhen, and Luopan.[11]

Beginning with palatial structures at Erlitou,[12] all capital cities of China followed rules of feng shui for their design and layout. During the Zhou era the Kaogong ji (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; "Manual of Crafts") codified these rules. The carpenter's manual Lu ban jing (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; "Lu ban's manuscript") codified rules for builders. Graves and tombs also followed rules of feng shui, from Puyang to Mawangdui and beyond. From the earliest records, it seems that the structures of the graves and dwellings followed the same rules.

The history of feng shui covers 3,500+ years[13] before the invention of the magnetic compass. It originated in Chinese astronomy.[14] Some current techniques can be traced to Neolithic China,[15] while others were added later (most notably the Han dynasty, the Tang, the Song, and the Ming).[16]

The astronomical history of feng shui is evident in the development of instruments and techniques. According to the Zhouli the original feng shui instrument may have been a gnomon. Chinese used circumpolar stars to determine the north-south axis of settlements. This technique explains why Shang palaces at Xiaotun lie 10 east of due north. In some cases, as Paul Wheatley observed,[17] they bisected the angle between the directions of the rising and setting sun to find north. This technique provided the more precise alignments of the Shang walls at Yanshi and Zhengzhou. Rituals for using a feng shui instrument required a diviner to examine current sky phenomena to set the device and adjust their position in relation to the device.[18]

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This NebGuide provides information on septic wastewater tank installation, such as selecting the correct tank size and placement, in order for owners to understand tank design and installation procedures used by installation professionals.

Jan R. Hygnstrom, Extension Project Manager Sharon O. Skipton, Extension Educator Wayne E. Woldt, Extension Specialist

A properly designed, installed and maintained septic tank and effluent treatment system is an approved method of wastewater treatment in Nebraska for private residences in areas where public wastewater treatment systems are not available. The system includes the building sewer line (which starts 30 inches from the house and extends to the septic tank), the septic tank, the effluent treatment component, and all piping in between. A drainfield, also known as a lateral, leachfield or soil absorption field, is most commonly used for effluent treatment. Alternative effluent treatment components may be used. Examples include mounds and constructed wetlands.Where soil has a suitable percolation rate and other site conditions are appropriate, the septic tank/drainfield system is a good choice, and the most commonly used.

Only a Nebraska certified installer, registered environmental health specialist, professional engineer, or someone under their direct supervision may install a septic tank.

This publication gives design and installation information for a septic tank based on Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (NDEQ) Title 124: Rules and Regulations for the Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems. Local regulations may be more strict than those issued by the state. Contact your city or county health, environmental, zoning or planning department for local requirements.

How does treatment occur in a septic tank?

Wastewater flows from the building sewer line to the septic tank where both heavy and light solids separate from the wastewater. Solids that are heavier than water settle out forming a sludge layer on the bottom of the septic tank (Figure 1). Solids lighter than water float to the top of the wastewater forming a scum layer. A liquid layer of water with suspended solids, nutrients, microorganisms and other pollutants separates the sludge and scum. Anaerobic bacteria those that can live without oxygen begin to break down waste in the septic tank. As wastewater flows into the septic tank, an equal volume of the liquid layer, called effluent, flows out of the septic tank into the effluent treatment system. In a properly designed, functioning and maintained septic tank, scum and sludge will not flow out with the effluent.

While septic tank effluent may appear clear, microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, nutrients such as nitrate and phosphorous, dissolved materials and very small particles of suspended solids are present. To protect the environment and human health, effluent must receive additional treatment, typically in the drainfield, or in an alternative effluent treatment component.

The location of plumbing within the home, lot configuration and slope of the land help determine placement of the septic tank. To protect the environment and human health, use no less than minimum setback distances (Table I) for the tank and effluent treatment component that will be used. Avoid sites subject to flooding, ponding or surface drainage from surrounding areas. The location must be accessible so contents of the septic tank, known as septage, can be pumped. Typically, hoses on pumper trucks can reach 50 feet. Also, consider the possibility of future expansion and locations for sidewalks, patios, driveways, garages and storage buildings before selecting the tank site. It is not legal to construct a sidewalk or building over a septic tank, as maintenance and inspection would be very difficult, if not impossible.

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For the space to perform acts of devotion, veneration, or religious study, see Place of worship.

A church building, often simply called a church, is a building used for religious activities particularly worship services. The term in its architectural sense is most often used by Christians to refer to their religious buildings but can be used by other religions. In traditional Christian architecture, the church is often arranged in the shape of a cross. When viewed from plan view the longest part of a cross is represented by the aisle and the junction of the cross is located at the altar area. Towers or domes are often added with the intention of directing the eye of the viewer towards the heavens and inspiring church visitors. Modern church buildings have a variety of architectural styles and layouts; many buildings that were designed for other purposes have now been converted for church use; and, similarly, many original church buildings have been put to other uses.

The first Christians were, like Jesus, Israelites resident in Roman Israel who worshiped on occasion in the Temple in Jerusalem and weekly in local synagogues. Temple worship was a ritual involving sacrifice, occasionally including the sacrifice of animals in atonement for sin, offered to the God of Israel. The New Testament includes many references to Jesus visiting the Temple, the first time as an infant with his parents, see Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. The early history of the synagogue is obscure, but it seems to be an institution developed for public Jewish worship during the Babylonian captivity when the Jews (and Jewish Proselytes) did not have access to a Temple (the First Temple having been destroyed c. 586 BC) for ritual sacrifice. Instead, they developed a daily and weekly service of readings from the Torah, and possibly also the Prophets, followed by commentary. This could be carried out in a house if the attendance was small enough, and in many towns of the Diaspora that was the case. In others, more elaborate architectural settings developed, sometimes by converting a house and sometimes by converting a previously public building. The minimum requirements seem to have been a meeting room with adequate seating, a case for the Torah scroll, and a raised platform for the reader.

Jesus himself participated in this sort of service as a reader and commentator (see Gospel of Luke 4:1624) and his followers probably remained worshipers in synagogues in some cities,[citation needed] for example the Cenacle in Jerusalem. However, following the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, the new Christian movement and Rabbinic Judaism increasingly parted ways (see also List of events in early Christianity). The Church became overwhelmingly Gentile sometime in the 4th century, the era of Constantine I and Christianity and the later setting up of a state church of the Roman Empire.

The Syrian city of Dura-Europos on the West bank of the Euphrates was an outpost town between the Roman and Parthian empires. During a siege by Parthian troops in AD 257, the buildings in the outermost blocks of the city grid were partially destroyed and filled with rubble to reinforce the city wall. Thus were preserved and securely dated an early decorated church and a synagogue decorated with extensive wall paintings. Both had been converted from earlier private buildings.

The Dura-Europos church from 235 AD has a special room dedicated for baptisms with a large baptismal font.

In Greek, the adjective kyriak-s/-/-n means "belonging, or pertaining, to a Krios" ("Lord"), and the usage was adopted by early Christians of the Eastern Mediterranean with regard to anything pertaining to the Lord Jesus Christ: hence "Kyriaks okos" ("house of the Lord", church), "Kyriak" ("[the day] of the Lord", i.e. Sunday), or "Kyriak proseukh" (the "Lord's prayer").

In standard Greek usage, the older word "ecclesia" (, ekklesa, literally "assembly", "congregation", or the place where such a gathering occurs) was retained to signify both a specific edifice of Christian worship (a "church"), and the overall community of the faithful (the "Church"). This usage was also retained in Latin and the languages derived from Latin (e.g. French glise, Italian chiesa, Spanish iglesia, Portuguese igreja, etc.), as well as in the Celtic languages (Welsh eglwys, Irish eaglais, Breton iliz, etc.).

In the Germanic and some Slavic languages, the word kyriak-s/-/-n was adopted instead and derivatives formed thereof. In Old English the sequence of derivation started as "cirice" (Ki-ri-keh), then "churche" (kerke), and eventually "church" in its traditional pronunciation. German Kirche, Scottish kirk, Russian tserkov, etc., are all similarly derived.

The earliest identified Christian house church is the Dura-Europos church, founded between 233 and 256.

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